Abdur Rahman Khan
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- Also spelled:
- ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khān
- Born:
- c. 1844, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Died:
- 1901, Kabul
- House / Dynasty:
- Bārakzay dynasty
- Role In:
- British raj
- Durand Line
Abdur Rahman Khan (born c. 1844, Kabul, Afghanistan—died 1901, Kabul) was the emir of Afghanistan (1880–1901) who played a prominent role in the fierce and long-drawn struggle for power waged by his father and his uncle, Aʿẓam Khān, against his cousin Shīr ʿAlī, the successor of Dōst Moḥammad Khān.
Abdur Rahman was the son of Afẕal Khān, whose father, Dōst Moḥammad Khān, had established the Pashtun Bārakzay dynasty in Afghanistan. Shīr ʿAlī’s victory in 1869 drove Abdur Rahman into exile in Russian Turkistan, where he lived at Samarkand until Shīr ʿAlī’s death in 1879, a year after the outbreak of the war between the British and the Afghans (see Anglo-Afghan Wars). Abdur Rahman returned to Afghanistan in 1880, was heartily welcomed by his people, and remained in northern Afghanistan until the British negotiated a settlement recognizing Abdur Rahman as emir in return for his acknowledgment of the British right to control his foreign relations. Abdur Rahman pacified the country and consolidated his authority. During the years 1880–87, he crushed a revolt by the powerful Ghilzay tribe and an unexpected rebellion led by his cousin Isḥāq Khān; he also decisively defeated Shīr ʿAlī’s son Ayūb, who raided intermittently from his base in Herāt.
Abdur Rahman’s reign is notable for the agreement reached on the demarcation of Afghanistan’s northwestern border with Russia, the result of talks held near Kabul in 1893 with a British delegation led by Sir Mortimer Durand, under which Abdur Rahman accepted the Durand line as his frontier and thereby relinquished some hereditary rights over the tribes on the eastern border.
Abdur Rahman also reorganized the administrative system of the country and initiated internal reforms. He brought in foreign experts, imported machinery for making munitions, introduced manufacture of consumer goods and new agricultural tools, and established Afghanistan’s first modern hospital. He imposed an organized government upon a divided population and maintained the balance in dealing with the British in India and with the Russian Empire.