Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, count of Nassau

Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, count of Nassau (born Jan. 29, 1584, Delft, Holland—died March 14, 1647, The Hague) was the third hereditary stadtholder (1625–47) of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, or Dutch Republic, the youngest son of William I the Silent and successor to his half-brother Maurice, prince of Orange. Continuing the war against Spain, Frederick Henry was the first of the House of Orange to assume semimonarchical powers in foreign as well as domestic policies.

Early life

Frederick Henry was born less than half a year before the murder of his father, William the Silent, the principal leader of the Dutch struggle for independence from Spain.

As a younger son, he was destined by his mother, a daughter of the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, for a career in her native France; but his half brother, Maurice of Nassau—who had succeeded their father as stadtholder—as well as the States General, insisted that Frederick Henry serve his country. He was accordingly educated at the University of Leiden and made a member of the council of state at the age of 17. He began to take part in most of Maurice’s military expeditions and was sent on various foreign missions. During the politico-religious crisis of the years 1617–19, precipitated by a doctrinal conflict within the Reformed (or Calvinist) Church, Frederick Henry, like his mother, kept cautiously to the middle of the road, in contrast to Maurice.

Until the age of 40, Frederick Henry was reputed to be “too fond of women to tie himself permanently to one of them” but under strong pressure from Maurice, who had no legitimate offspring, and, almost at the latter’s deathbed, he married. His wife, a lady-in-waiting to the exiled queen of Bohemia, soon acquired a fair amount of political influence as well as a universal reputation for venality, but she also managed to endow The Hague in the 17th century with some semblance of Baroque court life.

Stadtholder

At Maurice’s death, in 1625, Frederick Henry became stadtholder in five of the seven United Provinces; a sixth, Groningen, was added in 1640. Even in Friesland, the eventual succession to the office of stadtholder was assigned to Frederick Henry’s son, William (born 1626). Although in theory no more than the appointed “servants” of the different assemblies of the estates, provincial and general, the princes of Orange, by establishing hereditary succession to the various stadtholderships, were clearly on their way to acquiring the status of sovereigns. In view of Frederick Henry’s anomalous, somewhat awkward position as a minor princeling at the helm of the government of a federation of oligarchic republics, anachronistically flourishing in a world drifting toward absolutism, his ambition was normal.

As a strategist, Frederick Henry proved himself to be the foremost disciple of his brother, Maurice, and the Dutch wars against the Spanish continued to be considered a kind of military academy for young European noblemen. The Prince’s universally recognized strength lay in capturing fortified “places”; once he was even heard to exclaim: “God deliver us from pitched battles,” and every one of his yearly campaigns had the conquest of some important town or fortress as its aim. Hence, the borderline between the modern kingdoms of Belgium and The Netherlands came to be drawn largely according to Frederick Henry’s successes and failures.

By far the most spectacular of these sieges was that of ’s-Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-duc), but if the capitulation of this city marked Frederick Henry’s proudest moment, it also demonstrated the inherent weakness of his position. Although his contemporaries present the prince as little short of omnipotent in the Dutch Republic, his power was based on the delicate balancing of various elements. To counterbalance the oligarchy in the province of Holland, which contributed more than 58 percent to the federal budget, the prince needed the support of the six minor members of the United Provinces and that of the Puritan masses of the country, including those in Holland.

Although not irreligious, Frederick Henry was, like his father, a champion of as far-reaching a religious tolerance as circumstances allowed. In this respect he displayed, paradoxically, a much closer affinity with his political opponents, the Holland oligarchy, than he did with his traditional supporters. Yet as far as policymaking was concerned, this affinity was of little avail; for the Hollanders remained stubbornly opposed to a costly war, which, moreover, if waged too successfully, threatened to reintegrate the port of Antwerp as a formidable rival for Amsterdam into the political body of the free Netherlands. To make his yearly campaigns politically acceptable absorbed almost more of Frederick Henry’s energies than the campaigns themselves. Clever tactician that he was, he managed, however, unlike his brother, Maurice, before and his son, William II, after him, to avoid an open conflict with the States of Holland.

Until about 1640, Frederick Henry alone was responsible for the United Provinces’ foreign policy. From the dynastic point of view, his activities were crowned by the marriage in 1641 between his heir, William II, and Mary, the eldest daughter of Charles I of Great Britain. Consequently, during the English Civil Wars, the stadtholder sided unconditionally with the King, whereas the Holland oligarchy tended to favour Parliament.

French alliance

More important was Frederick Henry’s French policy, culminating (1635) in the so-called treaty of partition between the two countries and stipulating a partitioning of the southern Netherlands, if conquered by arms from the Spanish. The treaty further provided for the yearly payment of a considerable French subsidy, thus enabling the prince to continue the war in spite of the reluctance of the war-tired assembly of Holland to finance it. But the very first campaign of the French and Dutch armies combined under Frederick Henry’s command nearly ended in disaster, and, in spite of his conquests of the cities of Breda and Hulst, the alliance never regained its momentum. The trend toward peace with Spain became more and more irresistible, and, largely through the influence of his wife, even Frederick Henry was eventually won over to the peace party. Prematurely aged after long years of suffering from gout, he did not live to see the peace officially concluded in January 1648. He died in March 1647 and was interred with great pomp in the family vault at Delft.