Hagiwara Sakutarō

Hagiwara Sakutarō (born Nov. 1, 1886, Maebashi, Japan—died May 11, 1942, Tokyo) was a poet who is considered the father of free verse in Japanese.

The son of a prosperous physician, Hagiwara enjoyed a sheltered and indulged childhood. At age 15 he discovered literature and began writing classical verse, which he submitted to literary magazines. He refused to become a doctor, which precluded him from inheriting the hospital his father had founded. He left college without graduating, turned to studying mandolin and guitar, and spent time in Tokyo. At 18 he had become infatuated with a woman who would later appear throughout his work as “Elena,” but her family frowned on Hagiwara’s failure to finish college and secure regular employment, and she eventually married a doctor. Hagiwara’s arranged marriage in 1919 produced two daughters, and he moved permanently with his family to Tokyo in 1925. His wife deserted him four years later.

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Hagiwara’s style developed slowly; support from his father throughout his life relieved him of financial worries and enabled him to work at his own pace. By 1913 Hagiwara had abandoned classical metrical schemes for free verse. In 1916 he cofounded a poetry magazine with the poet Murō Saisei, and a year later Hagiwara self-published his first book of poetry, Tsuki ni hoeru (Howling at the Moon), which irreversibly transformed modern Japanese verse. Hagiwara contended that “psychic terror” distinguished his work, and the first poem of the collection describes the nightmare of being buried alive. In his second poetry collection, Aoneko (1923; “Blue Cat”), Hagiwara presented himself as a cheerless and tormented man thirsting for affection. These two collections established his reputation as a poet. His difficult style was not immediately understood, although one of the leaders of the Japanese literary world, the novelist Mori Ōgai, was impressed by his mode of expression.

Hagiwara’s last collection of free verse, Hyōtō (1934; “Isle of Ice”), explores his sense of having never been accepted; its first poem concludes, “Your home shall be no place!” Prose poems appear in Shukumei (1939; “Fate”), which critiques the smothering of individuality by group life. Hagiwara also published a collection of aphorisms, Atarashiki yokujo (1922; “Fresh Passions”), which expresses his sensual philosophy, and several collections of essays.

Hagiwara focused on intimate glooms, never on the charms of nature or the transience of beauty. With its reliance on self-exploration and its confession of vulgar secrets using the vernacular, Hagiwara’s poetry represented a revolutionary trend in 20th-century Japanese literature.