Harold Rosenberg

Harold Rosenberg (born Feb. 2, 1906, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.—died July 11, 1978, The Springs, N.Y.) was an American art critic known for championing the work of such painters as Jackson Pollock. He coined the term Action painting to describe the work of American Abstract Expressionists.

Rosenberg studied at the City College of New York (1923–24) and at Brooklyn Law School (1927). In the mid-1930s he worked as an artist’s assistant for Lee Krasner at the Works Progress Administration (WPA) before beginning his career as the art editor (1938–42) for American Guide, the journal of the WPA. He also contributed articles about literature and politics to the journal Partisan Review from 1937 to 1944 and was partly responsible for introducing the art critic Clement Greenberg to that publication’s editorial circle. Despite his involvement in the art world, Rosenberg did not commit himself to writing art criticism until December 1952, when he published his influential essay “The American Action Painters” in Art News, a publication that would later become identified with both his views on art and his poetic literary style. In that essay he championed the idea of the artist’s canvas as “an arena in which to act,” strategically distancing himself from Greenberg’s aesthetic formalism (the position that the aesthetic value of an artwork is not derived from or dependent upon anything outside the artwork itself) at a time when both Pollock and Willem de Kooning had momentarily returned to painting the figure. For Rosenberg the crucial fact of the new painting was the way that it showed how “the artist organizes his emotional and intellectual resources as if he were in a living situation.” In part this emphasis can be viewed as following up on Pollock’s widely publicized remark that “painting is a state of being….Every good painter paints what he is.” But it also reflected Rosenberg’s long-standing chagrin about the widespread influence of Greenberg’s aesthetics (the two had ceased being friends in 1938).

The emphasis on the primacy of gesture led Rosenberg to champion the work of Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, and particularly de Kooning as the most consequential exemplars of his notion of Action painting. That notion proved to be influential in France and Japan, respectively influencing the artists associated with Tachism and Gutai (Gutai Bijutsu Kyōkai [“Concrete Art Association”]; 1954–72). Despite Rosenberg’s claim that “the new painting has broken down every distinction between art and life,” his ideas proved to be influential in a way he did not approve of; they served as a theoretical basis for Allan Kaprow’s sense that “painting had become a symbol rather than a power, i.e., something which stood for experience rather than acting directly upon it.” Kaprow’s response was to create a series of events called Happenings, which took the idea of artistic gesture past the confines of the canvas and out into public space. These events set the stage for the emergence of Pop art, which Rosenberg later dismissed as “a demonstration model in an unspoken lecture on the history of illusionism.”

From 1967 until his death in 1978, Rosenberg wrote regularly about art and related matters for The New Yorker, frequently evidencing a flamboyant and poetic prose style that offered an independent and popularly readable alternative to the intellectually demanding Greenberg-inspired criticism that was being published in Artforum during the same period. Rosenberg’s criticism was always concerned with the metaphysical status of the self living in a perpetual state of self-(re)invention, emphasizing and idealizing the ways that art could represent an autonomous resistance to the totalizing forces of fashion, bureaucracy, and commerce. His major writings include “The American Action Painters” (1952) in The Tradition of the New (1959) and “The Game of Illusion: Pop and Gag” (1964) in The Anxious Object: Art Today and Its Audience (1966).