James P. Allison

James P. Allison (born August 7, 1948, Alice, Texas, U.S.) American immunologist who contributed to the discovery of mechanisms underlying T-cell activation and who was a pioneer in the development of immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. For his discoveries, Allison shared the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Japanese immunologist Tasuku Honjo.

At age 15, Allison participated in a science-training program at the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), which fueled his already developing interest in science. He later earned a B.S. degree (1969) in microbiology and a Ph.D. (1973) in biological sciences from UT Austin and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (later renamed Scripps Research Institute) in La Jolla, California. At Scripps, Allison worked primarily on amino acid sequencing but also found time to carry out experiments on immune cell function. These experiments led to his first major discovery concerning tumour recognition by the immune system.

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In the mid-1970s, Allison moved to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, joining the faculty there as an assistant biochemist. His research centred on elucidating the mechanism by which T cells recognize foreign particles, or antigens. During this time, he also successfully mapped the structure of the T-cell antigen receptor. In 1985, after transitioning between positions at UT Austin, Stanford University, and MD Anderson, Allison decided to accept a full professorship in immunology at the University of California, Berkeley. In his laboratory there, he identified CD28 as a necessary costimulatory signaling molecule required for T-cell activation. He and colleagues also found that a molecule known as CTLA-4 opposed CD28 and played a critical role in the downregulation of immune responses. When injected into tumours in mice, CTLA-4 antibody, designed to block CTLA-4 activity, enhanced T-cell responses and led to tumour shrinkage. This approach to boosting immune responses subsequently became known as immune checkpoint blockade. Allison increasingly focused his research on better understanding the effects of CTLA-4 blockade.

As Allison was carrying out his work on CTLA-4 inhibition, he moved from Berkeley to Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, where, from 2006 to 2012, he also served as director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. While there, he worked with a pharmaceutical company to develop a human monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) for use in cancer patients. In 2011, under the trade name Yervoy, the antibody became the first immune checkpoint therapy to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; it was approved for the treatment of late-stage melanoma.

In 2012, Allison returned to MD Anderson Cancer Center, where he served as the Vivian L. Smith Distinguished Chair in Immunology and as Director of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Allison was the recipient of numerous other awards, including the Canada Gairdner International Award (2014) and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (2014). He was an elected member of multiple organizations, including the National Academy of Sciences (1997), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2006), and the National Academy of Medicine (2007).