Mary Putnam Jacobi

Mary Putnam Jacobi (born August 31, 1842, London, England—died June 10, 1906, New York, New York, U.S.) was an American physician, writer, educator, and suffragist who is considered to have been the foremost woman doctor of her era.

Mary Putnam was the daughter of George Palmer Putnam, founder of the publishing firm of G.P. Putnam’s Sons, and was an elder sister of Herbert Putnam, later librarian of Congress. The family returned from England in 1848, and Mary grew up in Staten Island, Yonkers, and Morrisania, New York. Her scientific bent determined her on a medical career, but in 1860, before she was 18, she had a story published in The Atlantic Monthly. She graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1863 and from the Female (later Woman’s) Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1864.

After working for a few months at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Putnam decided in 1866 to seek further training in Paris. There she attended clinics, lectures, and a class at the École Pratique until she decided to seek admission to the École de Médecine. Her persistence finally secured a directive from the minister of education forcing the faculty to admit her in 1868. Her course was a distinguished one, and she graduated in 1871 with a prizewinning thesis. During her stay in Paris she contributed letters, articles, and stories to the Medical Record, Putnam’s Magazine, the New York Evening Post, and Scribner’s Monthly.

In the fall of 1871 Putnam returned to New York City, opened a practice, and began teaching at Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell’s Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. The quality of her own education had highlighted for her the meagreness of that available to most women aiming for a medical career, and in 1872 she organized the Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women (later the Women’s Medical Association of New York City) to begin redressing that shortcoming; she was president of the association from 1874 to 1903. In 1873 she married Dr. Abraham Jacobi, generally considered the founder of pediatrics in America. In the same year, Mary Jacobi began a children’s dispensary service at Mount Sinai Hospital. From 1882 to 1885 she lectured on diseases of children at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School. She opened a small children’s ward at the New York Infirmary in 1886. She resigned her professorship at the Woman’s Medical College in 1889 but continued to be a force for improved education for women. From 1893 she was visiting physician at St. Mark’s Hospital. In addition to clinical work and teaching, she found time for writing as well.

Jacobi’s bibliography runs to more than a hundred titles, mainly in pathology, neurology, pediatrics, and medical education, and one of her essays won the 1876 Boylston Prize from Harvard. Her books include The Value of Life (1879), Essays on Hysteria, Brain-Tumor, and Some Other Cases of Nervous Disease (1888), Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language (1889), and “Common Sense” Applied to Woman Suffrage (1894). While she did little original research, her contribution to the status of women within the medical profession was incalculable. She also took an interest in social causes. She helped found the Working Women’s Society (from 1890 the New York Consumers’ League) and the League for Political Education.