Paul Muni

Paul Muni (born September 22, 1895, Lemberg, Austria [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died August 25, 1967, Montecito, California, U.S.) was an American stage, film, and television actor acclaimed for his portrayals of noted historical figures.

Weisenfreund was born to a family of Polish Jewish actors, and he began appearing onstage with his parents while still a young child. After the family’s immigration to the United States, he played in Yiddish stock companies on the East Coast, and in 1918 he joined New York’s Yiddish Art Theatre. As a young actor he mastered the art of makeup—a skill that served him well throughout his film career—and often played characters older than his years. During the 1920s he was a star of the Yiddish stage, and that helped him land his first Broadway role in We Americans (1926–27). Hollywood took notice, and in 1929 he made his film debut in The Valiant. Paul Muni, as he was by then known, received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of a murderer. However, the film was a box-office disappointment, as was Seven Faces (1929), in which he played seven characters. Muni resumed his stage career, and he earned particular praise for his work in Counsellor-at-Law (1931–33).

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In 1932 Muni returned to the big screen with a series of notable films. He first appeared in the classic crime drama Scarface, playing a cruel, explosive gangster. He then was cast as an impoverished World War I veteran forced into a life of crime in I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, an exposé that helped end chain gangs in the American South. The film earned Muni his second Oscar nomination. He signed with Warner Brothers, and during the 1930s he became its most-prestigious star. His reputation as a prominent stage actor prevented Hollywood from molding him into a marketable image or into a typical big-screen leading man. It also allowed him the luxury of script approval—a concession granted to very few actors during the days of the studio system. Consequently, Muni’s film roles were diverse and generally superior to most Hollywood fare. He became known for his in-depth portrayals of prominent historical figures as well as for films with important social themes. Whatever the role, Muni did extensive research into the character, studying dialects and reading literary works. He also made an effort to disguise his own well-known features under extensive makeup in order to create a physical representation of the subject.

In 1935 Muni starred as a coal miner involved in a union dispute in Black Fury, and for his performance he earned his third Oscar nomination (as a write-in candidate). He then fought with Warner Brothers to make The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936). Despite a shoestring budget, the biopic of the French microbiologist was a major hit, and Muni finally won an Oscar for best actor. After playing a Chinese farmer in the 1937 adaptation of Pearl Buck’s The Good Earth, Muni starred in The Life of Emile Zola (1937). The acclaimed drama about the French novelist received an Oscar for best picture, and Muni earned a nod for best actor. He then was cast as the Mexican national hero Benito Juárez in Juarez (1939). However, the drama, which also starred Bette Davis, did not match the success of Muni’s earlier biopics.

After the lackluster We Are Not Alone (1939), Muni returned to Broadway, starring in Key Largo (1939–40). He subsequently divided his time between stage, screen, and, later, television. He won a Tony Award for the Broadway production of Inherit the Wind (1955–57), in which he portrayed a character modeled on Clarence Darrow. His later notable films include Angel on My Shoulder (1946), a comedy about gangsters, and his final film, The Last Angry Man (1959), for which he received an Oscar nomination for his portrayal of a crusading doctor. Muni also had prominent roles in several TV anthology series, and after a 1962 appearance on the show Saints and Sinners, he retired from acting.