Raoul Wallenberg

Raoul Wallenberg (born August 4, 1912, Stockholm, Sweden—died July 17, 1947?, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Swedish businessman and diplomat who became legendary through his efforts to rescue Hungarian Jews during World War II and through his disappearance while a prisoner in the Soviet Union.

A descendant of a wealthy and prestigious family of bankers, industrialists, and diplomats, Wallenberg studied architecture in the United States and in 1936 became the foreign representative for a central European trading company, whose president was a Hungarian Jew. After the Germans sent troops and SS (Nazi paramilitary corps) units into Hungary in March 1944 to round up “subversives” and Jews, Wallenberg, with the help of Jewish and refugee organizations from Sweden and the United States, persuaded the Swedish Foreign Ministry to send him to Budapest on July 9 with a diplomatic passport. There, several thousand Jews (estimates vary from 4,000 to 35,000) were enlisted and sheltered by Wallenberg in “protected houses” flying the flags of Sweden and other neutral countries. By this time, some 438,000 Hungarian Jews had already been deported to the Nazi extermination camps—Wallenberg arrived just after the deportations came to a halt. He also dogged the Germans at deportation trains and on “death marches,” distributing food and clothing to the Jewish prisoners and trying to rescue some of them with papers and money for their passage out of the country. In the process, he was threatened more than once by Adolf Eichmann.

Soon after Soviet troops reached Budapest, Wallenberg reported to the occupying authority on January 17, 1945, but was immediately arrested for espionage—his money, radio, and dubious diplomatic status making him suspect. According to Swedish authorities, the Soviets later privately admitted that his arrest had been a mistake, during a confused period at war’s end, but that their only information was that Wallenberg had died of a heart attack in a Moscow prison cell in 1947. There were unconfirmed reports from freed Soviet prisoners, however, that he had been seen alive in prison, notably in 1951, 1959, and 1975.

A report issued in 2000 by a joint Russian and Swedish commission investigating Wallenberg’s disappearance stated that his incarceration had been politically motivated and that the Soviet documents related to him had been purposefully destroyed or changed. However, it did not reach a conclusion on the circumstances of his death. In October 2016 the Swedish government officially declared Wallenberg dead, just months after the publication of the secret diaries of former KGB head Ivan A. Serov, who contended that Wallenberg had been liquidated in 1947 upon orders from Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov.

On September 22, 1981, the U.S. Congress—under the leadership of Rep. Tom Lantos, who had himself been rescued by Wallenberg—granted honorary citizenship to the missing Wallenberg. Such honorary citizenship had been granted only once before, to Sir Winston Churchill.