Spencer Fullerton Baird

Spencer Fullerton Baird (born Feb. 3, 1823, Reading, Pa., U.S.—died Aug. 19, 1887, Woods Hole, Mass.) was an American naturalist, vertebrate zoologist, and in his time the leading authority on North American birds and mammals.

A meeting in 1838 with John J. Audubon, who gave Baird part of his own collection of birds, turned the young naturalist’s interest to ornithology. He was appointed professor of natural history at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1845 and five years later accepted the post of assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., becoming secretary in 1878. The following year Congress authorized the construction of a building to house his vast collection of North American faunal materials assembled from government expeditions and private collectors. He prepared numerous volumes of reports on the Smithsonian collections, and he also prepared volumes on birds, mammals, and reptiles. His monographs were recognized as significant contributions to systematic zoology.

Through Baird’s efforts Congress established in 1871 the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which he headed at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant. The commission made many studies on the distribution and behaviour of fishes, and its hatcheries increased the availability of fish for commercial use, introducing foreign species into the United States. His work on fish culture helped make his laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., world famous.

Baird’s publications include North American Reptiles (1853), with Charles Girard; Mammals (1857); Catalogue of North American Birds (1858); Review of American Birds (1864–66); and A History of North American Birds (1874), with T.M. Brewer and R. Ridgway.