Vojislav Koštunica

Vojislav Koštunica (born March 24, 1944, Belgrade, Yugos. [now in Serbia]) Serbian academic and politician who served as the last president (2000–03) of Yugoslavia, which at the end of his term became the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. He later served as prime minister (2004–08) of Serbia during its transformation from a constituent member of the post-Yugoslav federation to an independent country.

Koštunica graduated from the University of Belgrade Law School in 1966 and earned a master’s degree in 1970. In 1974 he was fired from his position as a lecturer at the university for supporting a colleague who had spoken out against a constitutional change instituted by Yugoslav Pres. Josip Broz Tito. (He refused an offer from Serbian Pres. Slobodan Milošević in 1989 to be rehired.) In 1976 he earned a doctorate, and in 1981 he translated the 18th-century American essays known as the Federalist papers into Serbo-Croatian. Throughout his career Koštunica was an advocate of free speech, the rule of law, and an independent judiciary, and he was committed to Serbian nationalism.

With opposition leader Zoran Djindjić, Koštunica founded the Democratic Party (DS) in 1989. He split with Djindjić in 1992, however, to form the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). Koštunica was a member of the Serbian parliament from 1990 to 1997. Although he opposed the policies of Milošević, who became president of all of Yugoslavia in mid-1997, Koštunica denounced the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for its bombing of Serbia in 1999 during the Kosovo conflict. He also criticized the international tribunal at The Hague, which had indicted Milošević and other Serbian leaders for war crimes, as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy.

In 2000 Koštunica ran for the presidency of Yugoslavia as the candidate of an 18-party coalition known as the Democratic Opposition of Serbia; the coalition included both Koštunica’s DSS and Djindjić’s DS. Results from the September 24 elections showed that Koštunica had won, but the Milošević government was unwilling to accept defeat; it claimed that Koštunica had not received a majority of the votes and that a runoff would thus be necessary. Citizens took to the streets in protest, workers went on strike, and on October 5 protesters set fire to the parliament building in Belgrade. When it became clear that he was being abandoned by government agencies, including the police, Milošević announced on October 6 that he would step down. Koštunica was sworn in as president on October 7, and he and his supporters began to assume control of key ministries and institutions and to undertake the governing of Yugoslavia.

Although the new government was faced with an economy in ruins and a society permeated by corruption, the election of Koštunica gave hope that Yugoslavia would be reintegrated into the community of European nations. Upon taking office, Koštunica rejected vindictive moves against Milošević and his supporters. On Oct. 16, 2000, his government reached a power-sharing agreement with the Socialist Party of Serbia, the party of Milošević. Koštunica was less successful in his initial dealings with the republic of Montenegro, which had officially boycotted the September elections and which was demanding greater autonomy within the Yugoslav federation.

In December 2000 Koštunica and Djindjić’s Democratic Opposition of Serbia won an overwhelming victory in parliamentary elections in the Serbian republic; in January 2001 Djindjić became Serbian prime minister. Although Djindjić and Koštunica had united in opposition to Milošević, their long-standing rivalry persisted and soon grew into a struggle for power. Koštunica won the most votes in elections for the Serbian presidency in 2002, but the results were invalidated because of low voter turnout. Koštunica’s term as Yugoslav president effectively ended with the transformation of Yugoslavia into the loose confederation of Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003. He stepped down from the post that March, just days before Djindjić was assassinated.

A year later, in March 2004, Koštunica replaced Djindjić’s successor, Zoran Živković, as the Serbian prime minister. Koštunica remained prime minister of Serbia after Montenegro split from the union in June 2006. Serbian parliamentary elections in January 2007 led to the formation of a fragile coalition government, with Koštunica continuing in the prime ministership. Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia in February 2008 caused the shaky coalition to collapse, and Koštunica subsequently resigned.