William Barak

William Barak (born 1824?, Brushy Creek [near what is now Croydon, Victoria, Australia]—died August 15, 1903, Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, near Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) Australian Aboriginal leader, activist, and artist who was the last ngurungaeta (traditional leader) of the Wurunderjeri clan. He later became a noted artist of Indigenous life.

Barak’s people, the Wurunderjeri, were the first inhabitants of the Yarra River valley (the Wurunderjeri called the river Birrarung), which is now part of Melbourne, Victoria. Barak was the son of Bebejan, a ngurungaeta of the clan. The Wurunderjeri are one of four clans who make up the Woiwurrung language group. The Woiwurrung, in turn, are part of the larger Kulin Nation. Barak’s mother, Tooterie, came from the Ngooraialum clan of central Victoria.

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As a boy, Barak witnessed the signing of an infamous agreement between Wurunderjeri elders and John Batman, a pioneer settler. By the terms of the 1835 treaty, Batman was to “purchase” 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) of land in the Port Phillip area from the Wurunderjeri. The price was 40 blankets, 30 axes, 100 knives, 50 scissors, 30 mirrors, 200 handkerchiefs, 100 pounds of flour, and 6 shirts. Among the elders who signed Batman’s Treaty was Billibellary, Barak’s uncle, who was another influential ngurungaeta. The treaty was based on the European notion of land ownership, a concept that the Aboriginal peoples did not understand. To them, land could not be bought or sold. Although the British colonial government declared the treaty invalid, it set the tone for the treatment of Aboriginal people in the years that followed.

European settlement had an immense impact on the well-being and culture of the Wurunderjeri clan. Barak saw the dislocation of his people from their traditional lands as the settler population grew. The expansion of colonial farms made it increasingly difficult for the Wurunderjeri to find food. Diminishing food supplies and the introduction of foreign diseases by the colonists caused many deaths among Aboriginal people. This experience inspired Barak’s later efforts to secure and protect his ancestral lands.

Barak’s formal education was limited to two years (1837–39) in the government’s Yarra Mission School. In 1844 he joined the Port Phillip Native Police Force, a unit of Aboriginal troopers under the command of a European officer. The establishment of the force was an attempt to “civilize” the Aboriginal members. It was hoped they would give up their traditional lifestyle and, in turn, pass these new ways on to their families and friends. It was during his time as a trooper, at age 19, that Barak changed his first name to William. He remained a member of the Native Police Force until it was disbanded in 1853.

Within a decade of the arrival of Europeans in the Yarra River region, the Aboriginal population had been significantly reduced. Trying to maintain their culture and ties to the land, tribal elders searched for an area to establish as a reserve. In the 1840s Billibellary appealed to the government for a land grant, but his request was denied. When Billibellary died in 1846, his son Simon Wonga became ngurungaeta and assumed responsibility for securing land for his people. After many failed attempts, the Wurunderjeri were finally given a reserve at Badger Creek, near the Yarra River. Wonga partnered with Barak to establish Coranderrk Aboriginal Station on June 30, 1863.

Under the leadership of Wonga and Barak, Coranderrk became a successful farming community. It produced and sold wheat, vegetables, and crafts in the Melbourne area. As Coranderrk prospered, local settlers sought to gain control of the prime farmland. By the mid-1870s officials were threatening to close the reserve and sell off the land. Barak fought to keep Coranderrk, especially after he took over as ngurungaeta following the death of Wonga in 1874. He negotiated with settlers and government officials, earning a reputation as a skilled diplomat. His efforts succeeded in keeping Coranderrk intact.

Barak established a legacy not only as a leader but also as an artist. During his time at Coranderrk, he created unique paintings and drawings that told the story of his life and culture. His artworks later became highly prized, and many are displayed in Australian galleries, including the National Gallery of Australia, the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, and the Koorie Heritage Trust.

Barak died in 1903 and was buried in the Coranderrk cemetery. In 2005 he was honoured with the construction of the William Barak Bridge, a footbridge in Melbourne. It crosses the Yarra River and connects two major parks, Birrarung Marr and Yarra Park.