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The entrance of France into the war, followed by that of Spain in 1779 and the Netherlands in 1780, produced important changes in the naval aspect of the American Revolution. The Spanish and Dutch were not particularly active, but their role in keeping British naval forces tied down in Europe was significant. The British navy could not maintain an effective blockade of both the American coast and the enemies’ ports. Because of years of neglect, Britain’s ships of the line were neither modern nor sufficiently numerous. An immediate result was that France’s Toulon fleet under d’Estaing got safely away to ...(100 of 6022 words)