Richard Jones | Victorian Era, Clergyman, Economist

Richard Jones was a British economist and clergyman. Jones was educated at Cambridge University, graduating in 1816. He entered the Church of England ministry and spent a period of time as a curate. In 1833 he was appointed professor of political economy at King’s College, London. He then succeeded

Richard Jones

Judicial review | Definition, Forms, & Facts

judicial review, power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution. Actions judged inconsistent are declared unconstitutional and, therefore,

Judicial review, the power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution. Actions judged inconsistent are declared unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void.

judicial review

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Communication services, added in 2018, includes traditional and social media, web platforms, video game makers, and telecom providers. Companies include AT&T, Netflix, Facebook parent Meta, and Google parent Alphabet.

Communication Services

Discretionary companies - autos, travel and entertainment companies, apparel makers, and e-commerce - tend to rise and fall with the consumer economy. Companies include Ford, Nike, Disney, McDonald’s, and Amazon.

Consumer Discretionary

Staples are everyday products such as toothpaste, detergent, food and beverages, groceries, and beauty supplies. Companies include Costco, Walmart, Coca-Cola, and Procter & Gamble.

Consumer Staples

The energy sector, which includes oil and gas producers, pipeline builders, and refineries, tends to follow commodities. Companies include ExxonMobil, Halliburton, Chevron, Occidental, and ConocoPhillips.

Energy

The financials sector includes insurance, commercial and investment banks, brokers, and credit card and payment providers. Companies include JPMorganChase, PayPal, Allstate, Visa, BlackRock, and Goldman Sachs.

Financials

The health care sector includes pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biotechnology, and health insurance companies. Top names include Pfizer, UnitedHealth, Medtronic, and Johnson & Johnson.

Health Care

The industrials sector includes construction, agricultural machinery, airplanes, defense (weapons) contractors, railroads, and delivery companies. Top names include Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Caterpillar, FedEx, 3M, and CSX.

Industrials

The growth-oriented tech sector makes and services semiconductors, cell phones, computer hardware and software, and services such as cloud computing. Companies include Apple, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Cisco.

Information Technology

The materials sector includes agricultural services, miners, and makers of paper, steel, and chemicals. Typically growth-oriented dividend payers, companies include International Paper, Alcoa, Dow, Freeport-McMoRan, and Newmont.

Materials

Known for stability and a history of solid dividends, the utilities sector includes electricity providers, nuclear power companies, and waste haulers. Companies include NextEra, Waste Management, and Duke Energy.

Utilities

List of U.S. presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote | History, Election, Candidates, & Results

The vast majority of adult citizens in the United States have the right to vote in local, state, and federal elections. Some of these elections are based on a plurality system—a candidate need only poll more votes than any other single opponent to win. The vote to elect the president of the United

John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay

Which U.S. presidents lost the popular vote? Find out in our list.

list of U.S. presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

Stellantis N.V.

Stellantis | History, Brands, & Facts

Stellantis, multinational automotive company formed in 2021 by the merger of Fiat Chrysler and PSA Group (known legally as Peugeot S.A.). The company has 14 well-known automobile brands, including Dodge, Jeep, and Maserati. Stellantis is headquartered in Amsterdam. Chrysler was an American

Stellantis is a multinational automotive company formed in 2021 by the merger of Fiat Chrysler and PSA Group.

Stellantis

Eli Lilly and Co. | Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research, & Company 

Eli Lilly and Company is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical companies, known for the development and manufacture of a wide range of prescription medications for humans and animals. Among its best-known products are Cialis, a treatment for erectile dysfunction;

Eli Lilly and Company is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical manufacturers. Its top products include antidepressant Prozac, erectile dysfunction medication Cialis, and diabetes medications Trulicity, Mounjaro, and Jardiance.

Eli Lilly and Company

Default

For a bond, mortgage, auto loan, or other lending agreement, the borrower (“issuer,” in the case of a bond or other fixed-income security) is said to be “in default” if they fail to deliver a scheduled payment of interest and/or principal. It’s a major risk when investing in fixed-income

For a bond or other fixed-income security, the issuer is said to be “in default” if they fail to deliver a scheduled payment of interest or principal. The risk of default is a major consideration when investing in bonds and other fixed-income securities. 

default

Banking & Business

France Anne-Dominic Córdova

France A. Cordova | Biography, Career, NSF, & Facts

France A. Córdova is a French-born American astrophysicist who served in multiple prominent leadership positions at scientific institutions, most notably as director of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) from 2014 to 2020. In the field of astrophysics, Córdova is internationally recognized,

France A. Cordova is a French-born American astrophysicist who served in multiple prominent leadership positions at scientific institutions, most notably as director of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) from 2014 to 2020.

France A. Córdova

Samuel Harris Altman

Sam Altman | Biography, OpenAI, Microsoft, & Facts

Sam Altman American entrepreneur who was president of the start-up accelerator Y Combinator from 2014 to 2019 and chief executive officer (CEO) of the artificial intelligence (AI) company OpenAI beginning in 2019. He has been compared to tech visionaries, including Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, and is

Sam Altman

Timothy Dexter | Biography, A Pickle for the Knowing Ones, Fake Funeral, & Facts

Timothy Dexter was an American businessman who was known for his eccentric personality. He grew extremely wealthy through schemes that should have bankrupted him, and he performed outrageous stunts that alienated him from the upper class. Dexter had little formal education. At age eight he began

“One of the most eccentric men of his time”

Timothy Dexter was an American businessman who was known for his eccentric personality. He grew extremely wealthy through schemes that should have bankrupted him, and he performed outrageous stunts that alienated him from the upper class.

Timothy Dexter

Businesspeople & Entrepreneurs

Return on Investment (ROI) | Britannica Money

Return on investment (ROI) is a percentage that represents the net profit or loss (i.e., earnings) on an investment over a certain period of time. In order to calculate ROI, you must first find the net profit or loss. Take the current or final value of your investment—including all the interest,

Return on investment (ROI) is a percentage that represents the net profit or loss an investment earns over a period of time.

return on investment (ROI)

Accredited Investor

Accredited investors are a category of high-net-worth individuals and certain financial entities that meet financial or professional criteria established by a regulatory authority, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United States. Accredited investors have the privilege of

Accredited investors are a category of high-net-worth individuals and certain financial entities that match financial or professional criteria established by a regulatory authority, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the U.S. Accredited investors have the privilege of accessing certain asset classes and investments that are not accessible to the general public.

accredited investor

Martin Thembisile Hani

Chris Hani | Biography, Wife, History, Assassination, & Death

Chris Hani was a South African political activist who was assassinated in 1993. He was a prominent member of the African National Congress (ANC), the political party and Black nationalist organization that led the fight to eliminate South Africa’s racially discriminatory policy of apartheid, and

Chris Hani was a South African political activist who was assassinated in 1993. He was a prominent member of the African National Congress (ANC) and a leader of the South African Communist Party (SACP). He also served as chief of staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe (‘Spear of the Nation’), the military wing of the ANC.

Chris Hani

Economics & Economic Systems

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea | History, Maps, China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, & Facts

territorial disputes in the South China Sea, series of conflicts arising from the overlapping territorial claims of several countries that border the South China Sea. In recent decades China has been widely seen as the conflicts’ primary driver. While countries have long disagreed on the sea’s

the East China, South China, and Yellow seas

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea have arisen from the overlapping territorial claims of several countries that border the South China Sea. In recent decades China has been seen as the conflicts’ primary driver.

territorial disputes in the South China Sea

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

BRICS | Members, History, Name Origin, & Proposed Currency

BRICS, informal grouping of countries that has developed into an intergovernmental organization. The term originally denoted a collection of countries experiencing rapid economic growth that would, if growth were maintained at similar rates, emerge as the dominant economic players of the 21st

BRICS

Henry Kissinger: A Life in Pictures | Controversy, Photos, Diplomacy, & Death

Henry Kissinger, who served as national security adviser and secretary of state in the administrations of U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (the only person to hold both roles at the same time), was among the most influential diplomats on the world stage in the second half of the 20th

Henry Kissinger, who served as national security adviser and secretary of state in the administrations of U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (the only person to hold both roles at the same time), was among the most influential diplomats on the world stage in the second half of the 20th century and also among the most controversial.

Henry Kissinger: A Life in Pictures

International Relations

NAGPRA, Native American Graves and Repatriation Act

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) | Purpose, Definition, & Facts

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), U.S. law that regulates the handling of Indigenous human remains and cultural items. Passed in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requires federal agencies and institutions that receive money

repatriation under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) seeks to protect and repatriate Indigenous remains and associated funerary objects. Passed in 1990, it requires U.S. agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to create inventories of Indigenous remains and cultural items, which tribes and lineal descendants may request for repatriation.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Castellammarese War | Definition, Dates, Luciano, Masseria, Maranzano, & Facts

Castellammarese War, conflict between the Castellammarese and Masseria organized crime families in New York City from 1930 to 1931 that ultimately led to the reorganization of the Mafia. The Castellammarese family was led by Salvatore Maranzano, who was born in the Sicilian town of Castellammare

The Castellammarese War was a conflict between the Castellammarese and Masseria organized crime families in New York City from 1930 to 1931 that ultimately led to the reorganization of the Mafia.

Castellammarese War

Roy Marcus Cohn

Roy Cohn | Joseph McCarthy, Donald Trump, Second Red Scare, Lavender Scare, Facts, & Biography

Roy Cohn was a lawyer and a controversial public figure who rose to prominence through his alliance with U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy and his tenacious legal representation of high-profile clients, including businessman and future U.S. president Donald Trump, shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and

Roy Cohn was a lawyer and a controversial public figure who rose to prominence through his alliance with U.S. Sen. Joe McCarthy and his tenacious legal representation of high-profile clients, including businessman and future U.S. president Donald Trump, shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and organized-crime leaders, such as Anthony (‘Fat Tony’) Salerno and John Gotti.

Roy Cohn

Law, Crime & Punishment

Iron Dome | Cost, Missile, Success Rate, & Israel

Iron Dome, short-range mobile air defense system developed for Israel by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, with additional support from Raytheon. First deployed in 2011, Iron Dome constitutes the innermost layer of the tiered Israeli air defense network. The 2006

Iron Dome is a short-range mobile air defense system developed for Israel by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, with additional support from Raytheon. First deployed in 2011, Iron Dome constitutes the innermost layer of the tiered Israeli air defense network.

Iron Dome

U.S. Army Camel Corps | Facts, Summary, & American Civil War

U.S. Army Camel Corps, a failed experiment in the mid-1800s by the United States Army to introduce camels as beasts of burden in desert regions of the American Southwest. It was hoped that camels would be an effective replacement for horses and mules, which were adversely affected by the region’s

The U.S. Army Camel Corps was a failed experiment in the mid-1800s by the United States Army to introduce camels as beasts of burden in desert regions of the American Southwest. It was hoped that camels would be an effective replacement for horses and mules, which were adversely affected by the region’s extreme temperatures.

U.S. Army Camel Corps

1st SFOD-D, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-–Delta, ACE, Army Compartmented Elements, CAG, Combat Applications Group, Task Force Green, the Unit

Delta Force | Operations, Training, & Black Hawk Down Incident

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

Delta Force is a tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces that is primarily devoted to counterterrorism operations, but it is utilized in missions as diverse as direct action, hostage rescue, and special reconnaissance. It is administered by the Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). Delta Force’s existence has never been confirmed by the U.S. government.

Delta Force

Military

Assembly of Experts (Iran) | Role, Powers, Function, & Election

Assembly of Experts, deliberative body in Iran that oversees the supreme leader (officially called rahbar, or leader). Originally formed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 to draft a new constitution, the Assembly of Experts was temporarily dissolved shortly thereafter and reestablished in 1983

The Assembly of Experts is a deliberative body in Iran tasked with overseeing the supreme leader and ensuring his qualification for the position.

Assembly of Experts

Antifa | Definition, Etymology, History, Charlottesville, Criticisms, & Facts

antifa, a broad and decentralized political movement comprising individuals and groups who believe that fascism continues to pose a unique threat to democratic and peaceful societies and must be combatted through extraordinary, radical, and, in some cases, violent and illegal means. The term antifa

Antifa is a broad and decentralized political movement aimed at preventing the resurgence of fascism through extraordinary means, including violence.

antifa

Politics & Political Systems

Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez

Nayib Bukele | Biography, Family, Gang Crackdown, Popularity, & Ethnicity

Nayib Bukele is the iron-fisted president of El Salvador (2019– ), who has unabashedly styled himself as the “world’s coolest dictator” and the country’s “philosopher king.” He first gained attention as the young mayor of the capital city of San Salvador (2015–18) before ascending to the

Nayib Bukele is the iron-fisted president of El Salvador (2019– ), who has unabashedly styled himself as the ‘world’s coolest dictator’ and the country’s ‘philosopher king.’

Nayib Bukele

Bassirou Diomaye Faye | Biography, Election, Sonko, Ndiaganiao, & Facts

Bassirou Diomaye Faye is a Senegalese politician and former tax inspector who became the president of Senegal in April 2024. Faye was raised in Ndiaganiao, where he attended Marie Médiatrice Catholic School. He later attended Lycée Demba Diop in Mbour, where he graduated in 2000. Faye went on to

Bassirou Diomaye Faye is a Senegalese politician and former tax inspector who became the president of Senegal in April 2024. Faye is closely associated with Ousmane Sonko, a very popular opposition figure.

Bassirou Diomaye Faye

Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu

Bobi Wine | Biography, Image, Family, Arua, People’s President, Ghetto President, Film, & Facts

Bobi Wine is a Ugandan politician, performer, and activist who first garnered acclaim for his popular hits and socially conscious songs he called “edutainment”—the fusion of education and entertainment. He later became known for being a vocal critic of Ugandan Pres. Yoweri Museveni (1986– ) and his

Bobi Wine (Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu) is a Ugandan politician and performer who first garnered acclaim for his popular hits and socially conscious songs he called ‘edutainment’—the fusion of education and entertainment. He later became known for being a vocal critic of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni (1986– ).