Visual arts
In the past, the traditional visual arts of Cambodia revealed the conservatism of the Khmer. Ancient themes were preferred, and rarely was there an effort to improve or adapt. The principal crafts were weaving, silver- and goldsmithing, jewelry making, and wood and stone sculpture. In the 1970s and ’80s, visual arts were often made to serve the purposes of government propaganda, and little original art has developed in Cambodia since then.
While most artists paint traditional scenes and sculpt in repetitive, classical forms, largely for tourists and Cambodia’s emerging middle class, others are more progressive, projecting Cambodia’s heritage and tumultuous past in both abstract and soberingly realistic styles. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts has striven to employ senior artists, train new ones, and promote Cambodian art through sponsorship of domestic and international exhibitions. International aid organizations such as UNESCO and the Ford and Rockefeller foundations have also worked to revitalize traditional and contemporary arts programs, both in Cambodia and abroad.
Literature
Cambodia has a long literary tradition, based largely on Indian and Thai literary forms. Few people could read the indigenous literature, however, because historically only a small portion of the population was literate. Even so, most Khmer are familiar with the stories of such traditional epic figures as Neang Kakey and Dum Deav as well as the Jataka tales relating episodes in the life of the Buddha, all of which are widely broadcast on radio and distributed in comic-book form. Folktales called reuang preng are also widely known.
During the 1960s and early ’70s, Cambodia’s traditionally conservative literature came under Western influence, as did its audience of young urbanized Cambodian elite. Novels, poetry, visual arts, and films came to reflect international taste and enjoyed a flowering; in the early 1970s, for example, some 50 new novels appeared each year, and new films were frequently released. All such forms of expression, however, were banned by the officials of Democratic Kampuchea. Writers and artists were murdered or driven into exile, and the communist regime systematically destroyed existing works of art and literature, resulting in the loss of most of the country’s books, manuscripts, and paintings. After 1979 the Vietnam-backed government continued to limit freedom of expression by controlling the distribution of paper and by using literature for propaganda. Few books are published in Cambodia today, aside from Khmer-English dictionaries, textbooks for schools, horoscopes, and how-to books. There is no market for novels or serious nonfiction; in addition, government patronage of writers, which flourished in the 1980s, has ceased. As a result, most Cambodian writers now live and publish in the United States, Canada, and Europe.
Cultural institutions
With national independence in 1953, the Cambodian government sought to revive the nation’s rich artistic traditions. The Royal University of Fine Arts, located in Phnom Penh, was founded by King Sihanouk in 1965 to preserve and nurture traditional arts. With the coming to power of the Khmer Rouge in 1975, the school, along with all other educational institutions, was closed. Although most artists were killed during the period of Khmer Rouge rule, a small number survived by hiding their identities. When the school was reopened in 1980, it became a magnet for those surviving artists and has continued to be an epicentre of Cambodian creative activity. With two primary units—one embracing archaeology, architecture and urbanism, and plastic arts, the other encompassing choreographic arts and music—it is energetically training new artists in traditional art forms and sponsoring performances in Cambodia and throughout the world.
Cambodia has two major museums. The National Museum is devoted to Cambodian ethnography, bronze ware, sculpture, and ceramics. The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, housed in a former school in Phnom Penh that became the notorious S-21 prison and execution centre in 1975, memorializes the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime. Also important is the Choeung Ek Genocidal Center, located at another former execution site just southwest of the capital. The Hindu-Buddhist ruins of the Khmer state of Angkor (9th–15th century) were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. In 2008 the Temple of Preah Vihear, dedicated to the worship of Shiva, was also named a World Heritage site.
Sports and recreation
Football (soccer) has long been popular in Cambodia, but during the Khmer Rouge years the finest players died or left the country. The national team was subsequently rebuilt and has trained under German supervision. Similarly, Khmer kickboxing, a martial art performed to the accompaniment of a unique genre of traditional music, reemerged after the 1970s and has attracted a large and devoted following. Also widely played are badminton and tennis, and cycling is popular. More recently, golf has been catching on among the elite, and motocross has gained a following, with regular competitions in Phnom Penh and in the provinces. There are few sports facilities outside Phnom Penh, which has two major venues: Olympic Stadium and the National Sports Centre. Cambodia attended its first Olympic Games in 1956 and participated in two more before warfare and civil strife interrupted its attendance. The country returned to regular participation with the 1996 Summer Games.
Media and broadcasting
Several daily newspapers (in print or online) in Phnom Penh, including one in English, reflect a range of political views. Television and radio, however, are generally controlled by the dominant Cambodian People’s Party; a number of Cambodian journalists hostile to the regime were killed in the 1990s, and others have been imprisoned. More than a dozen major radio stations cater to an array of audiences with different religious, linguistic, and, to some degree, political orientations. Many of those broadcast internationally through the Internet. There are also many small private stations serving local communities. Several television stations offer a range of programming in Khmer and other languages.
Leonard C. Overton David P. Chandler