Trade-winds zone
The second zone, that of the trade winds, lies between 10° and 30° S. There, steady southeasterly trade winds prevail throughout the year and are strongest between June and September. Cyclones also occur east of Madagascar between December and March. In the northern part of the zone the air temperature averages 77 °F (25 °C) during the southern “winter” (May–October) and slightly higher the rest of the time; along latitude 30° S it is 61 to 63 °F (16 to 17 °C) in winter and 68 to 72 °F (20 to 22 °C) in the tropical “summer” (November–April). Warm ocean currents increase the air temperature by 4 to 6 °F (2 to 3 °C) in the western trade-wind zone over that in its eastern portion. Precipitation decreases from north to south.
Subtropical and temperate zone
The third zone lies in the subtropical and temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, between 30° and 45° S. In the northern part of the zone the prevailing winds are light and variable, while in the southern area moderate to strong westerly winds prevail. The average air temperature decreases with increasing southern latitude: from 68 to 72 °F (20 to 22 °C) down to 50 °F (10 °C) in the Austral summer (December–February) and from 61 to 63 °F (16 to 17 °C) to 43 to 45 °F (6 to 7 °C) in winter (June–August). Rainfall is moderate and uniformly distributed.
Subantarctic and Antarctic zone
The fourth, or subantarctic and Antarctic, zone occupies the belt between latitudes 45° S and 60° S. Steady westerly winds prevail, reaching gale force at times with their passage through deep Antarctic low-pressure zones. The average winter air temperature varies from 43 to 45 °F (6 to 7 °C) in the north to 3 °F (−16 °C) near the continent. The corresponding summer temperatures vary within the limits of 50 to 25 °F (10 to −4 °C). Precipitation is frequent and decreases in quantity southward, with snow common in the far south.
Hydrology
The hydrological characteristics of the Indian Ocean are derived from the interaction of atmospheric conditions (rain, wind, and solar energy) with the surface, the sources of its water, and the deep (thermohaline) circulation, all of which combine to form generally horizontal layers of water. Each layer has different temperature and salinity combinations that form discrete water masses of different densities, with lighter water overlying denser water. Surface water temperature varies with season, latitude, and surface circulation; surface salinity is the balance between precipitation, evaporation, and river runoff.
Surface currents
Ocean surface circulation is wind-driven. In the monsoon zone, surface circulation reverses every half year and features two opposing gyres (i.e., semi-closed current systems exhibiting spiral motion) that are separated by the Indian subcontinent. During the northeast monsoon, a weak counterclockwise gyre develops in the Arabian Sea, and a strong clockwise gyre forms in the Bay of Bengal. During the southwest monsoon, the current reverses direction in both seas, with warm- and cold-core eddies forming in the Arabian Sea. South of Sri Lanka, during the northeast monsoon, the North Equatorial Current flows westward, turns south at the coast of Somalia, and returns east as the Equatorial Countercurrent between latitudes 2° and 10° S. An equatorial undercurrent flows eastward at a depth of 500 feet (150 metres) at that time. During the southwest monsoon, the North Equatorial Current reverses its flow and becomes the strong east-flowing Monsoon Current. Part of the South Equatorial Current turns north along the coast of Somalia to become the strong Somali Current. A pronounced front, unique to the Indian Ocean, at 10° S, marks the limit of the monsoon influence.
South of the monsoon region, a steady subtropical anticyclonic gyre exists, consisting of the westward-flowing South Equatorial Current between 10° and 20° S, which divides as it reaches Madagascar. One branch passes to the north of Madagascar, turns south as the Mozambique Current between Africa and Madagascar, and then becomes the strong, narrow (60 miles [95 km]) Agulhas Current along South Africa before turning east and joining the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of 45° S; the other branch turns south to the east of Madagascar and then curves back to the east as the South Indian Current at about 40° to 45° S. The current system at the eastern boundary of the ocean is undeveloped, but the West Australian Current flowing north from the South Indian Current closes the gyre to a certain extent. Only the Antarctic Circumpolar Current reaches the ocean floor. The Agulhas Current extends down to about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) and the Somali Current to about 2,600 feet (800 metres); the other currents do not penetrate farther than 1,000 feet (300 metres).
Deep (thermohaline) circulation
Below the influence of the surface currents, water movement is sluggish and irregular. Two sources of highly saline water enter the Indian Ocean via the Arabian Sea, one from the Persian Gulf and the other from the Red Sea, and sink below the fresher surface water to form the North Indian High Salinity Intermediate Water between 2,000 and 3,300 feet (600 and 1,000 metres). That layer spreads east into the Bay of Bengal and as far south as Madagascar and Sumatra. Below that layer is the Antarctic Intermediate Water to about 5,000 feet. Between 5,000 and 10,000 feet (1,500 and 3,000 metres) is the North Atlantic Deep Water (named for the source of that current), and below 10,000 feet is Antarctic Bottom Water from the Weddell Sea. Those cold, dense layers creep slowly northward from their source in the Antarctic Circumpolar Region, becoming nearly anoxic (oxygen-deficient) en route. Unlike the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Indian Ocean has no separate source of bottom water.