Coffea
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- Prospero Alpini
Coffea, (genus Coffea), genus of about 125 species of flowering plants of the family Rubiaceae, mostly native to tropical Africa. Two species are of major economic importance as the source of coffee. For information about coffee cultivation, see coffee production.
Physical description
Members of the genus Coffea are evergreen shrubs or small trees and often inhabit the understory of tropical forests. The elliptical waxy leaves are borne oppositely along the stems and often feature prominent venation. Many species have a characteristic growth habit in which the upright trunks branch horizontally and may then repeat the pattern on secondary and tertiary branches. The small fragrant white or pink flowers frequently open after a dry period and may last only a few days. The fruit, known as a “coffee cherry,” is a one- or two-seeded drupe and can be red, purple, yellow, orange, blue, or black when mature, depending on the species. The “coffee beans” are the rounded oblong seeds, each with a flat face marked by a lengthwise groove.
Coffee plants
Two members of the genus, Coffea arabica and C. canephora, supply almost all the world’s coffee consumption. Arabica produces a flatter and more elongated bean that, when brewed, is considered milder and more flavourful and aromatic than Robusta, the main variety of C. canephora. Arabica is more widespread in cultivation than Robusta but more delicate and vulnerable to pests, requiring a cool subtropical climate; it must grow at higher elevations of 600–2,000 metres (2,000–6,500 feet) and requires a lot of moisture and has fairly specific shade requirements. Latin America, eastern Africa, Asia, and Arabia are leading producers of Arabica coffee.
The rounder, more convex Robusta bean, as its name suggests, is hardier and can grow at lower altitudes (from sea level to 600 metres. Robusta coffee is cheaper to produce, has twice the caffeine content of Arabica, and is typically the bean of choice for inexpensive commercial coffee brands. Western and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and Brazil are major producers of Robusta coffee.
Two other species are of limited commercial importance as a source of coffee. Sometimes considered more flavourful than Robusta, the large-seeded C. liberica is limited in its cultivation because it is very susceptible to plant diseases such as fusarium wilt and coffee rust. Another plant, C. eugenoides, is cultivated on a very small scale for specialty “wild” coffee with a low caffeine content.