Germination
The mature seed consists of the dormant embryo embedded in remnants of the female gametophyte and megasporangium (nucellus) and surrounded by a seed coat. The seed coat of conifers is similar to that of other gymnosperms, developing from an integument with three distinct layers. Only the hard middle stony layer is evident in most conifers, protecting the embryo between seed release and germination. The outer fleshy layer is most prominent in those conifers, such as Cephalotaxaceae and some Taxaceae, whose seeds are dispersed by animals. The inner fleshy layer functions in the early development of the ovule, but persists only as a thin, papery membrane in the mature seed.
Germination proceeds immediately upon dispersal to a suitable site in many tropical conifers, but most cool temperate species require a winter period of cold, moist stratification before they will germinate. After the embryo absorbs water, a seedling root breaks through the seed coat and turns down into the soil.
The stem below the cotyledons elongates and lifts them above the ground. As the cotyledons begin to photosynthesize, they produce the energy needed for the early growth of shoots. The seedling shoot is densely clothed with needle-shaped juvenile leaves for a varying time until adult foliage forms; some cedars of the family Cupressaceae produce their first flattened side shoots within just a few nodes, while the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) of the southeastern United States remains in a juvenile “grass” stage for years.
Form and function
The basic organization of the conifer sporophyte resembles that of other seed plants. The four main organs—stems, leaves, roots, and sporangia—are all usually distinct from one another and have well-defined physiological functions. The considerable variation that occurs in those organs is commensurate with the varied environments in which the different species grow.