“The Incredible Shrinking World of the Polar Bear”

There is a place, a place at the top of the world, where the sun shines all day and all night in the summer, and darkness reigns throughout the long, cold winter. The Arctic has long fascinated writers and explorers seeking the North Pole and the Northwest Passage, the fabled shipping route between Europe and Asia.
The Arctic ice is also home to arguably the world’s largest land predator—the polar bear (Ursus maritumus). Although the global population is quite high, an estimate 26,000 animals according to recent estimates, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources lists the polar bear vulnerable on its Red List of Threatened Species.
Why are we talking about this animal today? In recent years, a great deal of its habitat, Arctic sea ice, has melted during critical parts of the year, resulting in fewer hunting opportunities and increased mortality (in adult polar bears and their offspring) because they capture fewer prey. This is the incredible shrinking world of the polar bear. To get some idea of how these changes in circumstances are affecting the polar bear, imagine what would happen if several grocery stores were pulled at random from the cities we live in (and not replaced), or farmland used to grow crops was in shorter and shorter supply every year.

Hi I’m John Rafferty, I am the editor for Earth Sciences at Encyclopaedia Britannica, and today we are talking about the daunting challenge of protecting the polar bear and how it’s dying out, potentially in the imminent future. This mammal that has been talked about in the news for a long time. Its challenges with respect to its shrinking habitat and health have been documented with graphs, photos, and videos.
Spend some time with us and we’ll explore the polar bear’s natural history, the threats to the Arctic ice pack—that is, its primary habitat—and the chances that the species will survive intact through the 21st century.
And don’t worry, if you miss something during this talk, you can find it again our website.

Polar bears are stocky mammals with relatively small heads, short, rounded ears, and a short tail. Male bears, which are much larger than females, weigh 410 to 720 kg, growing to about 1.6 meters tall at the shoulder and 2.2–2.5 meters in length. They are particularly imposing when they stand on their hind legs.
Polar bears are found throughout the Arctic region—Russia and Alaska, the Canadian archipelago and Greenland, remote islands and, of course, the Arctic Ocean itself. Polar bears travel long distances over vast desolate expanses, generally on drifting oceanic ice floes, searching for ringed seals, its primary prey. It has no natural predators and knows no fear of humans, making it an extremely dangerous animal.
To retain heat in the cold Arctic, sunlight can pass through the polar bear’s thick fur, energy from the sun being absorbed by the bear’s black skin. Under the skin is a layer of insulating fat. The animal’s broad feet have hairy soles to protect and insulate and allow movement across ice. Strong, sharp claws are also important for gaining traction, for digging through ice, and for killing prey.
Polar bears are solitary and overwhelmingly carnivorous, feeding especially on the ringed seal but also on the bearded seal and other pinnipeds, such as the walrus. The bear stalks seals resting on the ice, ambushes them near breathing holes, and digs young seals from snow shelters where they are born. Polar bears prefer ice that gets broken up by wind and sea currents, because these breaks offer seals access to both air and water. They are even known to kill beluga whales that surface in the small breathing holes in the ice.
While polar bears are excellent swimmers and capable of killing prey in open water, seals are much more agile in this environment, so polar bears must either expend a lot of energy swimming or be very lucky to capture them. The polar bear swims using only its front limbs, an aquatic adaptation found in no other four-legged mammal. Polar bears are opportunistic as well as predatory; they will consume dead fish and carcasses of stranded whales and eat garbage near human settlements.
Mating occurs in spring, and gestation may last 195 to 265 days. One to four cubs, usually two, are born during the winter in a den of ice and snow. Cubs weigh less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds) at birth and are not weaned until after they are two years old.
Young polar bears may die of starvation or may be killed by adult males, and for this reason female polar bears are extremely defensive of their young when adult males are present. Young remain with their mothers until they reach sexual maturity. Females first reproduce at 4 to 8 years of age and breed every two to four years thereafter. Males mature at about the same age as females but do not breed until a few years later. In the wild, polar bears can live 25 to 30 years, but in captivity several have lived to more than 35 years old.
In other words, polar bears are long-lived, but they aren’t able to reproduce until several years after they are born. As a result, they can’t replace their losses quickly even in the best of times.

So, what causes polar bear mortality?
Adult polar bears have no natural predators, though walruses and wolves can kill them. Humans probably cause the most polar bear deaths by hunting and by the destruction of problem animals near settlements: many humans fear polar bears, because polar bears have been known to kill people.
In addition, these animals are hunted, especially by Inuit people for their hides, tendons, fat, and flesh. Although polar bear meat can be eaten, the liver is inedible and often poisonous because of its high vitamin A content.
Polar bears are also victims of pollution brought on by the oil and gas industry—their fur can lose much of its insulating ability when the animal comes in contact with an oil slick. Those bears that ingest oil can also become poisoned, and spills can foul denning sites and hunting grounds.
The largest threat to polar bears over the long term is climate change due to global warming. Arctic sea ice coverage has declined dramatically since the year 2000. Since sea ice is the polar bear’s primary habitat, its continued reduction is expected to cause trouble for the species.
Models developed by some scientists predict an increase in polar bear starvation as a result of longer ice-free seasons and a decline in mating success, since sea-ice fragmentation could keep males and females from meeting one another. Model forecasts by the U.S. Geological Survey suggest that habitat loss may cause polar bear populations to decline by two-thirds by the year 2050, dropping the worldwide population from roughly 26,000 to only 8,600 animals. So worrisome is this prospect that the U.S. government listed the polar bear as a threatened species in 2008.

So, what’s up with the Sea Ice and how is Climate Change affecting it?
As I said earlier, polar bears rely on Arctic sea ice. Walking on the Arctic Ocean’s solid skin, they exploit breaks in the ice for food. The openings are concentrate seals and other sea mammals that come up for air as they swim under the ice.
Now, sea ice forms and melts every year with the change of the seasons. Beginning in October, sea ice coverage grows—peaking about April before the spring and summer melt begins. The median computed for the years 1981 to 2010 is about 15 million square kilometers in April (a little less than twice the area of the lower 48 United States) in April. It falls to about 6.83 million square kilometers (an area a little less than that of Australia) by September. But in 2012, sea ice coverage fell to an astonishing 3.4 million square kilometers (an area slightly larger than India), or about half of the 1981 to 2010 benchmark. Similar deep reductions have happened in the years that followed, with measurements of sea ice coverage in 2019 closely paralleling that of 2012. Now consider multi-year ice – the oldest, thickest ice in the Arctic which lasts throughout the summer. It has declined by 95% since 1985, according to NOAA's Arctic program in a 2018 report.
These measurements demonstrate that Arctic sea ice is declining rapidly, and the polar bear habitat is shrinking with it. Photos depicting a single polar bear standing on a tiny ice floe are becoming more and more the norm rather than the exception.

What happens to the species when much of its habitat has gone?
Polar bears are adaptable animals. They can switch between several food sources, with ringed seals being their most preferred along with whales and other sea mammals. So they can withstand changes in their prey to some extent. However, all of these food sources depend on a unique type of Arctic ecosystem working.
Recent studies suggest that 70% of the polar bear diet is derived from algae that grows on the sea ice. Sea ice algae has been shown to support a community of zooplankton — which attract fish — which in turn attract and support the polar bear’s prey, such as seals and whales. Some researchers liken this sea ice algae to soil in forests, and I suppose that the sea ice itself could be considered the “bedrock” that supports that soil.
So, when this “bedrock” disappears, so goes the algae—along with the zooplankton, fishes and sea mammals, straight up the food chain. Vibrant Arctic ecosystems take a big hit in terms of biodiversity loss, when sea ice declines.
As sea ice is lost, polar bears find it more difficult to hunt seals and other sea mammals. Breathing holes that once concentrated prey now widen, and large gaps appear between ice floes. Prey that need to surface to breathe now have more options, so it’s harder for polar bears to catch them.
Complicating matters, the polar bear has high energy demands. It needs more than 12,000 calories per day—roughly the equivalent of 30 quarter pound cheeseburgers. Less sea ice equals more walking and swimming—greater energy expenditure—and increased risk of food stress and starvation. These effects are especially hard on females trying to raise young cubs. Cub mortality is higher when food stress is greater—and over time, as sea ice coverage declines further and the ice free period of the year grows longer, food stress is expected to take a toll on their population.
Polar bears forage during the warmer months to supplement the fat reserves they build up, They have been shown to eat caribou, bird eggs, and berries and other vegetation—but these food sources alone cannot support them.
Some polar bears venture into human settlements, where they often seek food in trash heaps. Stories abound with polar bears wandering through towns in Canada and Russia in search of food. Since local human residents know that polar bears can be very aggressive, some bears are killed before they can cause too much trouble.
Taking all of this into account, it’s easy to see how the polar bear could go extinct – or face extinction in the wild someday.


The challenge of saving polar bears from extinction is a daunting one.
Polar bear success is tied to see ice coverage, so to ensure the success of this species we need to retain as much sea ice in the Arctic Ocean as possible. Retaining habitat is key for polar bears, because it provides a substrate from which critical sea-ice-algae ecosystems can adhere to.
The most effective long-term solution, bar none, is to enact and enforce laws that limit and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions (that is, carbon dioxide [which is the most important greenhouse gas], methane, and other gases). Greenhouse gases keep a greater share of the sun’s daytime heating near Earth’s surface, instead of allowing it to escape into space at night.
The starting point can begin with continued support for the Paris Climate Accord of 2015.
While this International agreement emphasizes the honor system among countries in meeting their emission-reduction commitments, it is a good benchmark from which to begin, and more stringent climate policies can be added going forward. To keep the Arctic from warming further, people—both at the personal and national levels—need to shift their energy use from greenhouse-gas emitting fossil fuels (coal, oil, and others) to renewable energy sources (wind and solar power, wave power, etc.)
Secondly, we need to develop technologies that pull carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and sequester them in areas that are safe, such as within growing vegetation, the deep oceans, or deep underground. Number one, the most effective way to do this is by planting trees. Secondly, we need to develop other technologies that pull CO2 out of the atmosphere, such as carbon capture and storage and developing artificial trees and scrubbers.
There are time lags between rising greenhouse-gas concentrations, increased heating, and the changes to weather and climate that follow from them.
Even if we do reign in our appetite for fossil fuels, we should expect that polar bears are in for a rough ride in the coming decades before things get better. Controlling greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will not regrow sea ice right away. Even after the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy is complete, it may take several years before greenhouse-gas concentrations fall. So, we should expect that the Arctic ice pack will melt away more and more before conditions improve.
Polar bears are important to human beings. (I assume that they are important for you since you are listening to this podcast.) So, if we cannot find a way to reduce greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere, those bears that do survive will need to forage on land—against a backdrop made up of lower-quality food sources, grizzly bears (who will compete with them for food), and people who will likely persecute them.
One thing polar bears have going for them is that the general public loves them. They are often mainstays at zoos and aquariums, so this bodes well for their protection, because it will be easier to get financial support for them—but it will be costly nevertheless. A 2013 study estimated that feeding 900 polar bears would cost $32,000 per day (roughly $1 million per month), and it assumed that bears would need to be fed over several months. The burden of artificial feeding—possibly with a kind of processed bear chow—is expected to take some of the wildness out of the polar bear, and this solution would do little to prevent conflicts with humans.
Is this what we really want for one of the Earth’s most iconic predators?
Although this episode focuses squarely on the plight of the polar bear, we need to remember that sea-ice loss is an ecosystem-level problem. Sea-ice loss will reduce biodiversity in the Arctic, and this may be a far greater threat.
Stopping sea-ice loss depends largely on national and international agreements that limit and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. If solutions can be developed there, sea-ice coverage will return, and Arctic marine ecosystems will recover over time. Consequently, people must pressure their governments to develop and enforce effective climate-friendly laws. So in many ways polar bear survival depends a lot on you, the listeners of this audio story.
Are you up for this challenge? If you are—you can reach out to government officials in your state or country to demand that they pass laws that limit and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. You can make a donation to environmental organizations—such as Polar Bears International and the World Wildlife Fund. You can continue to talk about the effects of increased greenhouse gases on climate change—and you can ask your friends and relatives to encourage their own lawmakers to develop climate-friendly laws. In addition, you can support tree-planting efforts in your town by planting trees yourself or by supporting the efforts of others with your donations.
The point is that compared to many other species there is still time to save the polar bear. Without a doubt, the solution is a complex one, and there’s no time to waste.
Let’s get started, shall we?

CREDITS:
Thanks for listening today. I hope you learned something new. Most importantly, I hope that you learned about polar bears, the current state of Arctic sea ice, and the possible futures the polar bear could experience.
Don’t forget, you can catch up on anything you might have missed on Britannica.com. Learn more about extinction and its causes from our article located at 64.176.36.150/science/extinction-biology.
There you can also find other parts of this podcast series.
More information on polar bears, greenhouse gases, global warming, and the Paris Agreement, can be found at 64.176.36.150.
The Incredible Shrinking World of the Polar Bear. Story by John Rafferty. Produced by Kurt Heintz. This is the second part of the “Postcards from the 6th Mass Extinction” series. This program is copyrighted by Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.