A History of War

Question: What is the general term for a person who opposes bearing arms or who objects to any type of military training and service called?

Answer: A conscientious objector is one who opposes bearing arms or who objects to any type of military training and service. Some conscientious objectors refuse to submit to any of the procedures of compulsory conscription. Although all objectors take their position on the basis of conscience, they may have varying religious, philosophical, or political reasons for their beliefs.

Question: Where was the first Nazi concentration camp in Germany established?

Answer: The first Nazi concentration camp was established in Dachau, Germany, on March 10, 1933. Built at the edge of the town of Dachau, about 12 miles (16 km) north of Munich, it became the model and training center for all other SS-organized camps. During World War II, the main camp was supplemented by about 150 branches scattered throughout southern Germany and Austria, all of which collectively were called Dachau. The composition of the inmates reflected the Nazis’ changing choice of victims. The first inmates were Social Democrats, Communists, and other political prisoners. Throughout its existence, Dachau remained a political camp, in which political prisoners retained a prominent role.

Question: In what year did the French Wars of Religion begin?

Answer: The Wars of Religion were conflicts in France between Protestants and Roman Catholics that ran from 1562–98. The spread of French Calvinism persuaded the French ruler Catherine de Médicis to show more tolerance for the Huguenots, which angered the powerful Roman Catholic Guise family. Its partisans massacred a Huguenot congregation at Vassy (1562), causing an uprising in the provinces. The wars ended with Henry’s embrace of Roman Catholicism and the religious toleration of the Huguenots guaranteed by the Edict of Nantes (1598).

Question: The victory of the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey, which marked the start of British rule in India, was fought in which year?

Answer: The victory for the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey (23rd June 1757) was the start of nearly two centuries of British rule in India. For an event with such momentous consequences, it was a surprisingly unimpressive military encounter, the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal owing much to betrayal. In 1755, Siraj ud-Daulah became Nawab of Bengal and adopted a pro-French policy. He overran British trading posts, including Calcutta. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive was sent from Madras to retake Calcutta and from there began plotting the overthrow of the nawab.

Question: In which century did the Carnatic Wars take place?

Answer: The Carnatic Wars was a series of military contests during the 18th century between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore for control of the coastal strip of eastern India from Nellore, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The name Carnatic properly refers to the region occupied by the Kannada-speaking people, which roughly corresponds to the modern Indian state of Karnataka (formerly Mysore). In the 18th century, the coastal Carnatic was a dependency of Hyderabad within the Mughal Empire.

Question: In what country did the Battle of Waterloo take place?

Answer: The Battle of Waterloo was fought in Belgium.

Question: In which battle did Napoleon Bonaparte get the nickname “The Little Corporal”?

Answer: The Battle of Lodi, (May 10, 1796), was a small but dramatic engagement in Napoleon Bonaparte’s first Italian campaign. He earned the confidence and loyalty of his men, who nicknamed him “The Little Corporal” in recognition of his courage. The battle was fought at the Lodi Bridge, over the Adda River 19 miles southeast of Milan, between Napoleon’s Army of Italy and the Austrian army.

Question: The Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in which year?

Answer: The Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), was the conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from land and sea while employing cannon to maintain a constant barrage of the city’s formidable walls.

Question: In which year did the Seven Years'' War start?

Answer: The Seven Years’ War, fought between 1756–63, was the last major conflict before the French Revolution to involve all the great powers of Europe. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48).

Question: What is the name of the conspiracy by English Roman Catholics to blow up the Parliament and King James I?

Answer: The Gunpowder Plot was the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen, and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Catesby, together with his four coconspirators—Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James’s refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics. They hoped that the confusion that would follow the murder of the king, his ministers, and the members of Parliament would provide an opportunity for the English Catholics to take over the country.

Question: Who conceived the surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor?

Answer: The Pearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941) was a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the United States into World War II. Yamamoto Isoroku had planned the attack against the U.S. Pacific Fleet with great care. Yamamoto asserted Japan’s only chance for victory lay in a surprise attack that would cripple the American naval forces in the Pacific and force the United States into a negotiated peace. On Dec. 7, 1941, his carriers, under the immediate command of Vice Adm. Nagumo Chūichi, scored a stunning tactical victory over the U.S. Pacific Fleet at anchorage in Pearl Harbor.

Question: Which naval battle in World War II is known as “the greatest carrier battle of the war”?

Answer: The Battle of the Philippine Sea, (June 19–20, 1944) was the naval battle of World War II between the Japanese Combined Fleet and the U.S. Fifth Fleet. Known as “the greatest carrier battle of the war,” it accompanied the U.S. landing on Saipan and ended in a complete U.S. victory.

Question: What was the world’s first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier?

Answer: The USS Enterprise, commissioned in 1961, was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. The name, by the way, is also that of a nuclear-powered starship of science-fiction fame.

Question: War waged by states or their proxies through computers and computer networks is known as:

Answer: Cyberwar or cyber warfare is a war conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them, waged by states or their proxies against other states. Cyberwar is usually waged against government and military networks to disrupt, destroy, or deny their use. One of the first references to the term cyberwar can be found in “Cyberwar Is Coming!”, a landmark article by John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt.

Question: What is the name for the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group?

Answer: Coup d’état, also called coup is the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group. The chief prerequisite for a coup is control of all or part of the armed forces, the police, and other military elements. Unlike a revolution, it is a change in power from the top that results in the abrupt replacement of leading government personnel.

Question: What is the name of the series of international treaties created for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of war on soldiers and civilians?

Answer: The Geneva Conventions is a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of war on soldiers and civilians. Two additional protocols to the 1949 agreement were approved in 1977.

Question: What was name of the Spanish fleet sent by King Philip II to invade England in 1588?

Answer: King Philip II of Spain in 1588 sent the great fleet the Spanish Armada to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. The Armada sailed from Lisbon in May 1588 under the command of the duke of Medina-Sidonia. The Spanish fleet consisted of about 130 ships with about 8,000 seamen and possibly as many as 19,000 soldiers. About 40 of these ships were line-of-battle ships, the rest being mostly transports and light craft.

Question: The Dos de Mayo Uprising in 1808 took place in which country?

Answer: The Dos de Mayo Uprising, also called the Battle of Madrid, (2 May 1808) was an engagement of the Peninsular War. The French commanders in Spain were highly experienced and successful soldiers, but they completely misjudged the inflammatory nature of Spanish political, religious, and social life. What they considered as a simple punishment for dissent and opposition to French control in Madrid was transformed into a rallying cry of insurrection throughout Spain. The events of Dos de Mayo acted as the fuse that lit a nationwide uprising against French rule.

Question: Which leader was overthrown by the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003?

Answer: Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was deposed when U.S. troops invaded his country in March 2003.

Question: Which battle during the Napoleonic Wars established British naval supremacy for more than 100 years?

Answer: The Battle of Trafalgar, (October 21, 1805) was a naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, which established British naval supremacy for more than 100 years. It was fought west of Cape Trafalgar, Spain, between Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar. A fleet of 33 ships (18 French and 15 Spanish) under Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve fought a British fleet of 27 ships under Admiral Horatio Nelson. Trafalgar shattered forever Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Question: What was the final battle fought during the Hundred Days of Napoleon?

Answer: The Battle of Waterloo or La Belle Alliance, was Napoleon’s final defeat, ending 23 years of recurrent warfare between France and the other powers of Europe. It was fought during the Hundred Days of Napoleon’s restoration, 3 miles (5 km) south of Waterloo village, between Napoleon’s 72,000 troops and the combined forces of the Duke of Wellington’s allied army of 68,000 (with British, Dutch, Belgian, and German units) and about 45,000 Prussians, the main force of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher’s command.

Question: Which holiday commemorates the soldiers who fought in the Gallipoli Campaign?

Answer: The ANZAC Day in Australia and New Zealand is a holiday (April 25) that commemorates the landing in 1915, during World War I, of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Allies attempted to take control of the strategic Dardanelles from Turkey, allied with the Central Powers in February 1915. The ANZAC forces landed on April 25 and secured a beachhead at what came to be called ANZAC Cove. In 1920 Australia and New Zealand created ANZAC Day as an official holiday to honor those who had fought in the Dardanelles Campaign. It is a public holiday marked by religious services and parades and by ceremonies in which veterans participate.

Question: What is the term used for describing the first six months of World War II?

Answer: The Phony War (1939–40) was the name given for the early months of World War II, which were marked by no major hostilities. The term was coined by journalists to derisively describe the six months (October 1939–March 1940), during which no land operations were undertaken, either by the Allies or the Germans after the German conquest of Poland in September 1939.

Question: Who devised the first systematic method for breaking messages encrypted by the Germans during World War II?

Answer: British mathematician and logician Alan Turing made major contributions in various fields such as mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, and to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. In 1942, Turing devised the first systematic method for breaking messages encrypted by the sophisticated German cipher machine that the British called Tunny. At the end of the war, Turing was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his code-breaking work.

Question: Which peace treaty was signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and Germany?

Answer: The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919. It took force on January 10, 1920. The treaty was drafted during the Paris Peace Conference in the spring of 1919, which was dominated by the national leaders known as the Big Four -David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the United States, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy.

Question: What was the German nighttime bombing against Britain during WW II called?

Answer: The Blitz was nighttime bombing raids against London and other British cities by Nazis during World War II. The raids followed the failure of the German Luftwaffe to defeat Britain’s Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain. The daylight attack against London on September 7, 1940, marked the opening phase of the German bomber offensive against Britain, which came to be called the Blitz after the German word “blitzkrieg,” meaning “lightning war.” Daylight attacks soon gave way to night raids, which the British found difficult to counter.

Question: Which battle marked the end of Napoleon’s power in Spain?

Answer: The Battle of Vitoria was a decisive battle of the Peninsular War that finally broke Napoleon’s power in Spain. The battle was fought between a combined English, Spanish, and Portuguese army under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and a French army commanded by King Joseph Bonaparte. The French losses (killed, wounded, and captured) were about 8,000 and those of the allies about 5,000. By their victory, the British and their allies gained control of the Basque provinces and compelled the French forces to retreat over the Pyrenees and back into France.

Question: In which year did the War of Jenkins'' Ear between Great Britain and Spain begin?

Answer: The War of Jenkins'' Ear between Great Britain and Spain began in October 1739 and eventually merged into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). It was precipitated by an incident that took place in 1738 when Captain Robert Jenkins appeared before a committee of the House of Commons and exhibited what he alleged to be his own amputated ear, cut off in April 1731 in the West Indies by Spanish coast guards.

Question: Which treaty ended the War of 1812?

Answer: The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814. It ended the War of 1812, but news of it did not arrive in time to prevent the bloody Battle of New Orleans from being fought.

Question: Which is a military tactic was fully developed by the ancient Greeks?

Answer: Phalanx, in military science, was a tactical formation consisting of a block of heavily armed infantry standing shoulder to shoulder in files several ranks deep. Fully developed by the ancient Greeks, it survived in modified form into the gunpowder era and is viewed today as the beginning of European military development. The classic Greek formation was made more flexible by Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander III, the Great.

Question: Which of these was not a battle fought in World War II?

Answer: The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the U.S. Civil War.

Question: What were Japanese pilots who flew suicide attacks into enemy warships during WW II called?

Answer: Kamikaze are any of the Japanese pilots who, in World War II, made deliberate suicidal crashes into enemy targets, usually ships. The term also denotes the aircraft used in such attacks. The word kamikaze means divine wind, a reference to a typhoon that fortuitously dispersed a Mongol invasion fleet threatening Japan from the west in 1281. The practice was most prevalent from the Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944, to the end of the war. Most kamikaze planes were ordinary fighters or light bombers, usually loaded with bombs and extra gasoline tanks before being flown deliberately to crash into their targets.

Question: Which river did George Washington’s troops cross to engage in the Battle of Trenton?

Answer: On Christmas night of 1776, George Washington’s troops crossed the Delaware River and fought Hessian and British soldiers at the Battle of Trenton.

Question: In which state did the Battle of Monmouth take place during the American Revolution?

Answer: The Battle of Monmouth, also called Battle of Monmouth Court House, (June 28, 1778) was an indecisive engagement in the American Revolution, fought at Monmouth, New Jersey.

Question: Which of these is another name for World War I?

Answer: World War I, also called the First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.

Question: Which general implemented the Overland Campaign during the Civil War?

Answer: U.S. general Ulysses S. Grant was the commander of the Union armies during the late years of the American Civil War and 18th president of the United States. During the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant was the Union General in the first battle of his Overland Campaign, a relentless drive to defeat once and for all Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and capture the South’s capital at Richmond, Virginia.

Question: What was the name of the revolt by Polish Jews against deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp in 1943?

Answer: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the resistance by Polish Jews under Nazi occupation in 1943 to the deportations from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp. The revolt began on April 19, 1943, and was crushed four weeks later, on May 16.

Question: How many Punic Wars were fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian empire?

Answer: The Punic Wars, also called the Carthaginian Wars, (264–146 BCE) were a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, which resulted in destroying Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The three wars are called First Punic War (264–241 BCE), Second Punic War (218–201 BCE), and Third Punic War (149–146 BCE).

Question: What was the name of the military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott in the American Civil War?

Answer: The Anaconda plan was a military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces.

Question: Which battle occurred at a mountain pass in Greece between the Greek forces led by the Spartan king Leonidas and the Persians led by King Xerxes I in 480 BCE?

Answer: The Battle of Thermopylae (480 bce), was a battle in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae during the Persian Wars. The Greek forces, mostly Spartan, were led by Leonidas. After three days of holding their own against the Persian king Xerxes I and his vast southward-advancing army, the Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were able to outflank them.

Question: The First War of Independence in India is also known as:

Answer: The Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857–59. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.

Question: Name the military tactic used by the Germans during World war II to strike a quick and surprising blow at the enemy?

Answer: Blitzkrieg was a military tactic calculated to create psychological shock and resultant disorganization in enemy forces through the employment of surprise, speed, and superiority in matériel or firepower. Blitzkrieg is most commonly associated with Nazi Germany during World War II, even though numerous combatants used its techniques in that war. Its origins, however, can be traced to the 19th century, and elements of blitzkrieg have been used in present-day conflicts.

Question: Who was sworn in as the U.S. Army chief of staff on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland?

Answer: George C. Marshall was sworn in as chief of staff of the U.S. Army on September 1, 1939, the day World War II began with Germany’s invasion of Poland.

Question: What was the name of the telegram sent from Germany to Mexico in 1917 that contributed to the entry of the U.S. into World War I?

Answer: The Zimmermann Telegram was a coded telegram sent on January 16, 1917, by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German minister in Mexico. The note revealed a plan to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and to form an alliance with Mexico and Japan if the United States declared war on Germany. The message was intercepted by the British and passed on to the United States. It contributed to the U.S. entry into World War I.

Question: In what year was the Battle of Hastings fought?

Answer: The Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066. In the aftermath, the Normans under William the Conqueror came to control England.

Question: In which Belgian city was the Battle of Passchendaele fought?

Answer: The Battle of Passchendaele was the third and longest battle to take place at the Belgian city of Ypres. The battle was an Allied victory, but it was achieved at enormous cost for a piece of ground that would be vacated the following year.

Question: Which was the first rebellion in Australian history?

Answer: The Castle Hill Rising, (March 4–5, 1804) was the first rebellion in Australian history. The Irish convicts were involved in the uprising, which began with the rebels’ seizure of the New South Wales convict station that culminated in a clash between the rebels and government. The actual scene of this clash was Vinegar Hill (now called Rouse Hill), about 10 miles (16 kilometers) from Castle Hill.

Question: Which battle was fought between the Zulu and the Voortrekker Boers in South Africa in 1838?

Answer: The Battle of Blood River, also called Battle of Ncome River, fought on December 16, 1838, was a battle between the Zulu and the Voortrekker Boers in South Africa. Its proximate cause was a clash over land rights in Natal and the massacre of Voortrekkers by the Zulu king Dingane. The anniversary of the Voortrekker victory is a public holiday in South Africa.

Question: Which of these battles was instrumental in stopping the Japanese invasion in the Pacific?

Answer: The Battle of Midway, (June 3–6, 1942) was a World War II naval battle fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan’s first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots. Together with the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Midway ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific.

Question: What was the code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union during WW II?

Answer: Operation Barbarossa, original name Operation Fritz, during World War II was the code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union that was launched on June 22, 1941. The failure of German troops to defeat Soviet forces in the campaign signaled a crucial turning point in the war. For the campaign against the Soviet Union, the Germans allotted almost 150 divisions containing a total of about three million men. It was in effect the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history.

Question: Also called the Typhoon of Steel, one of the bloodiest battles fought in the Pacific Theater during World War II is better known as:

Answer: The Battle of Okinawa was fought between the U.S. and Japanese forces on Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands. Dubbed as the Typhoon of Steel for its ferocity, the battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific War, claiming the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and 100,000 Japanese, including the commanding generals on both sides. Also, at least 100,000 civilians were either killed in combat or were ordered to commit suicide by the Japanese military.

Question: Which was the first battle in naval history where not a single shot was exchanged by surface ships?

Answer: The Battle of the Coral Sea, (May 4–8, 1942) in World War II was a naval and air engagement in which a U.S. fleet turned back a Japanese invasion force that had been heading for strategic Port Moresby in New Guinea. The four-day engagement was a strategic victory for the Allies. The battle, which U.S. Adm. Ernest J. King described as “the first major engagement in naval history in which surface ships did not exchange a single shot,” foreshadowed the kind of carrier warfare that marked later fighting in the Pacific War.

Question: The D-Day invasion of June 6, 1944, took place in:

Answer: The D-Day landings inserted thousands of Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy, in France.

Question: What was the war fought between Pope Gregory XI and an Italian coalition headed by Florence called?

Answer: The War of the Eight Saints, (1375–78) was the conflict between Pope Gregory XI and an Italian coalition headed by Florence, which resulted in the return of the papacy from Avignon to Rome. In 1375, provoked by the aggressiveness of the Pope’s legates in Italy, Florence encouraged a revolt in the Papal States. The Pope retaliated by excommunicating the Florentines, but their war council, the Otto di Guerra (popularly known as the Eight Saints), continued to defy him. In 1377 Gregory sent an army under Cardinal Robert of Geneva to ravage the areas in revolt, while he returned to Italy to secure his possession of Rome.

Question: Which treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War?

Answer: The Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, was a series of wars fought between 1618–48 by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Question: Where did the abortive 1961 invasion of Cuba take place?

Answer: In 1961, U.S.-backed Cuban opponents of Fidel Castro landed at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow him. The attempt failed.

Question: What was the series of wars fought between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne called?

Answer: The Wars of the Roses,(1455–85) was a series of dynastic civil wars whose violence and civil strife preceded the strong government of the Tudors. Fought between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne, the wars were named many years afterward from the supposed badges of the contending parties: the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster.

Question: Which was the largest Russian assault of World War I?

Answer: The Brusilov Offensive was the largest Russian assault during World War I and one of the deadliest in history. At last, the Russians had a capable commander, General Aleksey Brusilov, and in this offensive, he inflicted a defeat on Austro-Hungarian forces from which their empire never recovered. It came, however, at a heavy price in terms of casualties, and Russia lacked the resources to exploit or repeat this success.

Question: Which treaty ended the Russo-Turkish War in 1812?

Answer: The Treaty of Bucharest was a peace agreement signed on May 18, 1812, that ended the Russo-Turkish War which begun in 1806. The terms of the treaty allowed Russia to annex Bessarabia but required it to return Walachia and the remainder of Moldavia, which it had occupied. The Russians also secured amnesty and a promise of autonomy for the Serbs, who had been rebelling against Turkish rule, but Turkish garrisons were given control of the Serbian fortresses.