Diseases, Disorders, and More: A Medical Quiz

Question: Astigmatism affects which part of the human body?

Answer: Astigmatism affects the eyes. It is the lack of symmetry in the curvature of the cornea or, much less commonly, of the crystalline lens (the cornea is the transparent wall of the eye in front of the pupil and iris).

Question: What fat-soluble substance present in green leafy vegetables was given its name because it is required for coagulation of the blood to take place?

Answer: Vitamin K is required for the bodily synthesis of four of the blood’s coagulation factors: prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X. A deficiency of vitamin K in the body leads to an increase in clotting time of the blood. In 1929 in Denmark a previously unrecognized fat-soluble substance present in green leafy vegetables was found to be required for coagulation of the blood to take place. The substance was called vitamin K for koagulation (Danish).

Question: Which of these is not a form of colour blindness?

Answer: Myopia is nearsightedness, not a form of colour blindness. Colour-blind persons may be blind to one, two, or all of the colours red, green, and blue. Blindness to red is called protanopia; to green, deuteranopia; and to blue, tritanopia.

Question: When we suffer from belching, flatulence, aversion to eating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and heartburn, we call it indigestion. Which word would have been used in 18th-century Britain to describe the same symptoms?

Answer: Dyspepsia, or indigestion, is any or all of the unpleasant feelings and manifestations—abdominal discomfort, belching, flatulence, aversion to eating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn—that sufferers associate with the malfunctioning of their digestive apparatus.

Question: What is eczema?

Answer: Dermatitis, also called eczema, is an inflammation of the skin. Dermatitis is usually characterized by redness, swelling, blister formation, and oozing and almost always by itching. The term eczema, which formerly referred to the blistered, oozing state of inflamed skin, has by common usage come to have the same meaning as the term dermatitis.

Question: Which disease is detected by using the Schilling test?

Answer: The Schilling test, which measures the body’s ability to absorb vitamin B₁₂, is used to diagnose pernicious anemia, a slow-developing disease in which the production of red blood cells is impaired as the result of a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

Question: Which of these vitamins is water-soluble as opposed to fat-soluble?

Answer: Vitamins are usually separated into water-soluble (e.g., the B vitamins, vitamin C) and fat-soluble (e.g., vitamins A, D, E, K) groups; small quantities (0.00002 to 0.005 percent of a diet) are necessary for normal health and growth in higher forms of animal life. Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble, carbohydrate-like substance that is involved in certain of the metabolic processes of animals.

Question: What does a dyslexic have trouble doing?

Answer: A dyslexic has a specific inability or pronounced difficulty in learning to read or spell, despite otherwise normal intellectual functions. Dyslexia is a chronic neurological disorder that inhibits a person’s ability to recognize and process graphic symbols, particularly those pertaining to language.

Question: Chiropody is a name for a medical specialty whose history can be traced to 1500 BCE in Egypt. Which part of the human body does chiropody deal with?

Answer: Podiatry, also called chiropody, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the human foot. The ancient Egyptian Ebers papyrus (c. 1500 BCE) records some of the earliest remedies for foot problems, and other references to foot treatment are found in the medical literature of most succeeding centuries.

Question: Which of these diseases is called tabardillo in Mexico, where it killed the scientist who discovered how it was transmitted?

Answer: Howard T. Ricketts, an American pathologist, discovered the causative organism and mode of transmission of epidemic typhus. He died of typhus in Mexico, where the disease is called tabardillo.

Question: In the 18th century, Englishman Stephen Hales inserted a tube into a blood vessel and allowed the blood to rise up the tube, thus measuring what aspect of circulation?

Answer: Stephen Hales was the first to measure blood pressure quantitatively, which he did by inserting a tube into a blood vessel and allowing the blood to rise up the tube.

Question: Which fever is also called “three-day fever”?

Answer: Pappataci fever, also called three-day fever, is an acute, infectious disease caused by a virus and producing temporary incapacitation.

Question: What is another name for breakbone fever?

Answer: Dengue, also called breakbone fever, is an acute, infectious, mosquito-borne hemorrhagic fever that is temporarily completely incapacitating but rarely fatal. Besides fever, the disease is characterized by extreme pain in and stiffness of the joints (hence the name "breakbone fever").

Question: If you become infested with worms, what kind of drug will you need?

Answer: An anthelmintic is any drug that acts against helminthic infections—that is, those caused by parasitic worms.

Question: Which brain disorder results in a progressive and irreversible decline in memory and various other cognitive functions?

Answer: Alzheimer disease results in a progressive and irreversible decline in memory and various other cognitive functions. It is the most common form of dementia.

Question: What is the full name of the medical scanning technique called PET?

Answer: PET stands for positron emission tomography, an imaging technique that has proved particularly useful for studying brain and heart functions and certain biochemical processes involving these organs (for example, glucose metabolism and oxygen uptake).

Question: Which disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂?

Answer: Pernicious anemia is a slow-developing disease in which the production of red blood cells is impaired as the result of a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

Question: What condition is caused by the deposition of salts of uric acid?

Answer: Gout is a hereditary metabolic disorder that is characterized by recurrent acute attacks of severe inflammation in one or more of the joints of the extremities. Gout results from the deposition, in and about the joints, of salts of uric acid, which is present in marked excess throughout the body in persons with the disorder.

Question: What is a more formal term for the disease called pinkeye?

Answer: Conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is a highly contagious disease of humans and various domestic animals. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the delicate mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front part of the white of the eye—the sclera.