Maxwell’s equations
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- University of Maryland - Department of Physics - Maxwell’s equations
- University of Central Florida Pressbooks - Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
- NASA - Glenn Research Center - Maxwell's Equations
- Engineering and Technology History Wiki - Maxwell's Equations
- Physics LibreTexts - Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s equations, four equations that, together, form a complete description of the production and interrelation of electric and magnetic fields. The physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in the 19th century, based his description of electromagnetic fields on these four equations, which express experimental laws.
The statements of these four equations are, respectively: (1) electric field diverges from electric charge, an expression of the Coulomb force, (2) there are no isolated magnetic poles, but the Coulomb force acts between the poles of a magnet, (3) electric fields are produced by changing magnetic fields, an expression of Faraday’s law of induction, and (4) circulating magnetic fields are produced by changing electric fields and by electric currents, Maxwell’s extension of Ampère’s law to include the interaction of changing fields. The most compact way of writing these equations in the metre-kilogram-second (mks) system is in terms of the vector analysis operators div (divergence) and curl—that is, in differential form. In these expressions the Greek letter rho, ρ, is charge density, J is current density, E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic field; here, D and H are field quantities that are proportional to E and B, respectively. The four Maxwell equations, corresponding to the four statements above, are: (1) div D = ρ, (2) div B = 0, (3) curl E = -dB/dt, and (4) curl H = dD/dt + J.
