acid rain

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SO2 and NOx emissions in the U.S.

Spruce trees damaged by acid rain in Karkonosze National Park, Poland.

map of acid deposition

Learn how pollution from industrialization in Europe damaged the limestone of Cologne Cathedral

U.S. emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3, 1970–85 (five-year intervals) and 1990–2008 (one-year intervals).

precipitation pH in the United States, 1994

precipitation pH in the United States, 2008

For Students

acid rain summary

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Effects on human-made structures

acid rain — acid rain
Statue eroded by acid rain.

Learn how pollution from industrialization in Europe damaged the limestone of Cologne Cathedral — Learn how pollution from industrialization in Europe damaged the limestone of Cologne Cathedral
Repairing acid rain damage to Cologne Cathedral.
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Acid deposition also affects human-made structures. The most notable effects occur on marble and limestone, which are common building materials found in many historic structures, monuments, and gravestones. Sulfur dioxide, an acid rain precursor, can react directly with limestone in the presence of water to form gypsum, which eventually flakes off or is dissolved by water. In addition, acid rain can dissolve limestone and marble through direct contact.