atom

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions
Atomic model
- Basic properties
  - Atomic number
  - Atomic mass and isotopes
- The electron
  - Charge, mass, and spin
  - Orbits and energy levels
  - Electron shells
  - Atomic bonds
  - Conductors and insulators
  - Magnetic properties
- The nucleus
  - Nuclear forces
  - Nuclear shell model
  - Radioactive decay
  - Nuclear energy
Development of atomic theory
- The atomic philosophy of the early Greeks
- The emergence of experimental science
- The beginnings of modern atomic theory
  - Experimental foundation of atomic chemistry
  - Atomic weights and the periodic table
  - Kinetic theory of gases
- Studies of the properties of atoms
  - Size of atoms
  - Electric properties of atoms
  - Light and spectral lines
  - Discovery of electrons
  - Identification of positive ions
  - Discovery of radioactivity
- Models of atomic structure
  - Rutherford’s nuclear model
  - Moseley’s X-ray studies
  - Bohr’s shell model
  - The laws of quantum mechanics
  - Schrödinger’s wave equation
  - Antiparticles and the electron’s spin
- Advances in nuclear and subatomic physics
  - Structure of the nucleus
  - Quantum field theory and the standard model

References & Edit History Related Topics

Images & Videos

Explore an atom's interior to discover the layout of its nucleus, protons, and electrons

Investigate varying electron configurations in electron shells around an atom's nucleus

shell atomic model

isotopes of hydrogen

Millikan oil-drop experiment

See how physicist Robert Millikan devised a method for measuring the electric charge of single electrons

atomic orbitals

periodic table showing the valence shells

For Students

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atom: Media

matter

Videos

atoms

atoms

How atoms can be seen.

Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Explore an atom's interior to discover the layout of its nucleus, protons, and electrons

Explore an atom's interior to discover the layout of its nucleus, protons, and electrons

Explore an atom's interior to discover the layout of its nucleus, protons, and electrons.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Investigate varying electron configurations in electron shells around an atom's nucleus

Investigate varying electron configurations in electron shells around an atom's nucleus

Atomic model of electron configurations.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

See how physicist Robert Millikan devised a method for measuring the electric charge of single electrons

See how physicist Robert Millikan devised a method for measuring the electric charge of single electrons

Millikan oil-drop experiment.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Observe an animation of sequential events in the fission of a uranium nucleus by a neutron

Observe an animation of sequential events in the fission of a uranium nucleus by a neutron

Sequence of events in the fission of a uranium nucleus by a neutron.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

How scientists discovered atoms

How scientists discovered atoms

Learn about the discovery of atoms and the instruments scientists use to see these...

Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

How did Britain become a global empire?

How did Britain become a global empire?

Overview of the British Empire.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Geography and Map Division/Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

Discover how a laser beam emits light

Discover how a laser beam emits light

Learn how a laser beam emits light.

Video: © MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Learn about magnetic fields and the levels of particles, atoms, crystals, and domains

Learn about magnetic fields and the levels of particles, atoms, crystals, and domains

Magnetic fields and the levels of magnetism of particles, atoms, crystals, and domains....

Video: © MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

See how John Dalton built his atomic theory on principles laid out by Henry Cavendish and Joseph-Louis Proust

See how John Dalton built his atomic theory on principles laid out by Henry Cavendish and Joseph-Louis Proust

John Dalton and the development of the atomic theory.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Images

shell atomic model

shell atomic model

In the shell atomic model, electrons occupy different energy levels, or shells. The...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

isotopes of hydrogen

isotopes of hydrogen

The image shows the three isotopes of the element hydrogen. All three forms have...

© designua/Fotolia

Millikan oil-drop experiment

Millikan oil-drop experiment

Between 1909 and 1910 the American physicist Robert Millikan conducted a series of...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Bohr atom

Bohr atom

The electron travels in circular orbits around the nucleus. The orbits have quantized...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

atomic orbitals

atomic orbitals

Electrons fill in shell and subshell levels in a semi-regular process, as indicated...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

periodic table showing the valence shells

periodic table showing the valence shells

The periodic table of the elements showing the valence shells.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

ionic bond: sodium chloride, or table salt

ionic bond: sodium chloride, or table salt

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride. An atom of sodium (Na) donates one of its electrons...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

polar covalent bond

polar covalent bond

In polar covalent bonds, such as that between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, the electrons...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

nuclear binding energies

nuclear binding energies

Nuclear binding energies, shown as a function of atomic mass number.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

fission

fission

Sequence of events in the fission of a uranium nucleus by a neutron.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Boyle's law

Boyle's law

Demonstration of Boyle's law showing that for a given mass, at constant temperature,...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Mendeleev's periodic table

Mendeleev's periodic table

The periodic table of the elements from Dmitri Mendeleev's Osnovy khimii...

© Photos.com/Thinkstock

Bernoulli model of gas pressure

Bernoulli model of gas pressure

As conceived by Daniel Bernoulli in Hydrodynamica (1738), gases consist...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; based on Daniel Bernoulli, Hydrodynamica (1738)

visible solar spectrum

visible solar spectrum

The visible solar spectrum, ranging from the shortest visible wavelengths (violet...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Balmer series of hydrogen

Balmer series of hydrogen

The Balmer series of hydrogen as seen by a low-resolution spectrometer.

Arthur L. Schawlow, Stanford University, and Theodore W. Hansch, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics

first ionization energies of the elements

first ionization energies of the elements

First ionization energies of the elements.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Thomson atomic model

Thomson atomic model

Lord Kelvin envisioned the atom as a sphere with a uniformly distributed positive...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Rutherford gold-foil experiment

Rutherford gold-foil experiment

In 1909 Rutherford disproved Sir J.J. Thomson's model of the atom as a uniformly...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Rutherford atomic model

Rutherford atomic model

Physicist Ernest Rutherford envisioned the atom as a miniature solar system, with...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

energy levels of the hydrogen atom

energy levels of the hydrogen atom

Energy levels of the hydrogen atom, according to Bohr's model and quantum mechanics...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Compton effect

Compton effect

When a beam of X-rays is aimed at a target material, some of the beam is deflected,...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Electron densities in wave functions of the Schrödinger equation

Electron densities in wave functions of the Schrödinger equation

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

gamma ray

gamma ray

Electrons and positrons produced simultaneously from individual gamma rays curl in...

Courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley

electron density functions for four hydrogen atom states

electron density functions for four hydrogen atom states

Figure 5: Plots of electron density in the xz plane of atomic hydrogen are...

Daniel Kleppner and William P. Spencer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Figure 8: Transmission electron micrograph of single uranium atoms and microcrystals obtained from a solution of uranyl acetate.

Figure 8: Transmission electron micrograph of single uranium atoms and microcrystals...

Albert V. Crewe, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago

nanotechnology: man-made elliptical arrangements of atoms

nanotechnology: man-made elliptical arrangements of atoms

Images of man-made elliptic arrangements of atoms on a metallic surface.

Courtesy IBM Research, Almaden Research Center. Unauthorized use not permitted.

Bohr theory

Bohr theory

The Bohr theory sees an electron (left) as a point mass occupying certain energy...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom

Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom

Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom. The central nucleus contains the protons and...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The classical “planetary” model of an atom. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are circled by electrons in “orbit” around the nucleus. The number of protons determines which element is represented, the number of electrons determines its charge, and the number of neutrons determines which isotope of the element is represented.

The classical “planetary” model of an atom. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus...

© Merriam-Webster Inc.

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