mandible
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mandible, in anatomy, the movable lower jaw, consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones in humans and other mammals. In birds, the mandible constitutes either the upper or the lower segment of the bill, and in invertebrates it is any of the various mouthparts that holds or bites food materials, including either of the paired mouth appendages of an arthropod that form the biting jaws.
In humans, the mandible is the only mobile bone of the skull (other than the tiny bones of the middle ear). It is attached to muscles involved in chewing and other mouth movements and functions by moving in opposition to the maxilla (upper jaw); together, the two parts are used for biting, chewing, and handling food. The structure of the human mandible resembles a more or less horizontal arch, which holds the teeth and contains blood vessels and nerves. At the rear of the mandible, two more or less vertical portions (rami) form movable hinge joints, one on each side of the head, articulating with the glenoid cavity of the temporal bone of the skull to form the temporomandibular joints. The rami also provide attachment for muscles important in chewing. The centre front of the arch is thickened and buttressed to form the chin, a development unique to humans and some of their recent ancestors; the great apes and other animals lack chins. In the human fetus and infant, the maxilla and the mandible are each separated at the midline; the halves fuse a few months after birth.
Invertebrate jaw and mouthpart structures vary markedly. For example, in the primitive bloodsucking flies (e.g., the horse fly [Tabanus]), the mandibles and maxillae form serrated blades that cut through the skin and blood vessels of the host animal. In the mosquito (Culicidae), the mandibles and associated structures have become exceedingly slender stylets that form a fine bundle used for piercing skin and entering blood vessels. In the housefly (Musca domestica), the mandibles and maxillae have been lost; the tonguelike labium alone remains and serves for feeding on exposed surfaces. Among crustaceans, processes at the base of the antennae may help the mandibles push food into the mouth. The paired mandibles of a nauplius (the most widespread and typical crustacean larva to emerge from the egg) each have two branches, one with a chewing lobe and the other with a compressing lobe at the base; the mandibles may also be used for swimming. In the adult crustacean, each mandible loses one of the branches, sometimes retaining the other as a palp, and the base may develop into a powerful jaw. An alternative development is found in some of the blood-sucking parasites, in which the mandibles form needlelike stylets for piercing a host.
In humans, the most common conditions that affect the function of the mandible are temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), of which there are about 30 different types. TMDs may have an impact on the function of the jaw muscles and the temporomandibular joints and may irritate associated nerves. The cause of a TMD is often unclear; factors that may play a role include osteoarthritis and physical trauma. Symptoms vary but may include dizziness, earache, facial pain, headache, jaw tenderness, and reduced jaw mobility. Many TMDs resolve on their own; otherwise, treatment ranges from simple dietary changes (e.g., eating only soft foods) to physical therapy or medication to the use of intraoral appliances (devices fitted over the teeth) to complex surgical or dental procedures.