Biota
The biota of scrublands, as might be anticipated from their broad geographic distribution and diverse environments, varies considerably from place to place.
In areas where scrublands occur naturally, especially as a result of nutrient-poor soils, and have existed for a long period, plant diversity can be astonishingly high. For example, more than 8,500 plant species are known from the fynbos of southwestern South Africa, and similar floristic richness occurs under comparable climatic and soil conditions in the scrublands of Western Australia. In each of these areas, a large proportion of the flora is endemic—that is, many plant species grow nowhere else and are known only as small populations at single locations.
Among the fynbos, the most diverse plant genera are Erica, Aspalathus, and Senecio, shrubs respectively in the heather, bean, and daisy families. Other richly represented families include the sedges, irises, grasses, lilies, and orchids, all of which consist of small, herbaceous plants that grow beneath the shrub canopy. The most colourful and conspicuous shrubs are heathers (Erica) and proteoids, especially Leucadendron and Protea. The flowers of this extraordinarily diverse flora are pollinated by both insects—but few butterflies—and nectar-eating birds such as sunbirds (Nectarina) and the Cape Sugarbird (Promerops cafer)—animals with which they have coevolved (see community ecology: The coevolutionary process). Seed dispersal by ants occurs in an unusually large number of the plant species of the fynbos.
Many of the same plant families that are prominent in the fynbos also grow in scrublands in the temperate regions of Australia that receive winter rainfall. Members of the bean family are common, especially wattles (Acacia), as are many others—e.g., Phyllota and Pultenaea; proteoids such as Banksia, Conospermum, and Persoonia are also diverse and conspicuous. However, despite family resemblances, identical species rarely occur in both African and Australian heathlands, except through human introduction. For example, Australian wattles have been introduced into the South African fynbos where they pose substantial conservation problems. Heathers are virtually absent from Australia, their place being taken by epacrids (e.g., Lissanthe and Melichrus) and myrtles (e.g., Homoranthus and Kunzea). Again, bird pollination, primarily by various honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae), and seed dispersal by ants are common.
The scrublands of drier, hotter regions are poorer in plant species than most Mediterranean scrublands. Chenopod scrublands are dominated by shrubs in the family Chenopodiaceae; these bushes also are called saltbushes because they typically grow in dry, saline environments and sometimes store salt in their leaves, which have a characteristically salty taste. The mallees grow as multistemmed shrubs, frequently more than five metres tall, although some can assume tree form when conditions are not stressful. In Chilean scrublands members of the daisy family, such as Baccharis and Haplopappus, and members of the bean family, such as Acacia, Dalea, and Prosopis, are particularly well represented, together with cacti and many other plants.
The biota of Northern Hemisphere scrublands is distinct from that of the Southern Hemisphere. The wide variety of shrubs excludes proteoids, while some common groups of plants in the north such as oaks (Quercus) do not occur in the south. Other, more widespread, plant groups tend to be represented in northern scrublands by distant relatives of southern plants.
Scrublands in Mediterranean Europe are dominated by a variety of shrubs in such families as oak, heather (Erica and Arbutus), bean (Cytisus), olive (Olea), and pistachio (Pistacia). Oaks and heathers (Arctostaphylos) are also prominent in California, as are many other shrubs including Garrya, Heteromeles, Rhus, the blue-flowered Ceanothus, and the common chamiso (Adenostoma fasciculatum).
Many shrubs that dominate scrublands in all regions are thorny, and their foliage, which is usually not very nutritious, contains pungent and unpalatable substances that discourage browsing. Larger mammals are typically absent. Small mammals may be common, however, and they play an important role in influencing regeneration of the vegetation through eating seeds (see tropical forest: Population and community development and structure). Birds may be varied and abundant, but in Northern Hemisphere scrublands few are reliant on nectar as a food source and thus they only incidentally pollinate flowers, unlike the coevolved fauna of the Australian and South African scrublands.
Population and community development and structure
Natural scrublands occur in areas in which factors such as climate or soil are sufficiently challenging to preclude the growth of trees but are adequate to allow the growth of shrubs. In many areas the shrubs belong to species that are able, under more favourable conditions, to develop into trees, but in others they always grow into shrub form regardless of the environment.
In scrublands with Mediterranean climate similar vegetation structure and ecological processes have evolved from different ancestral plants and animals in mutual isolation but in response to similar climatic environments. The extent to which this has occurred has been investigated substantially in the scrublands of California and Chile. These areas were chosen in part because natural patterns have not been obscured by long histories of intensive human agricultural impacts. This research has revealed remarkable similarities in the morphology of individual plants, the structure of the overall vegetation, the patterns of plant physiology and distribution along aridity gradients, and the diversity and adaptations of associated fauna. A profile of the typical vegetation is shown in .