Botswana, officially Republic of Botswana formerly Bechuanaland, Country, southern Africa. Area: 224,606 sq mi (581,730 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 2,413,000. Capital: Gaborone. Some two-thirds of the population are ethnic Tswana; other main groups include the Khalagari, Ngwato, Tswapong, Birwa, and Kalanga. There are also small groups of Khoekhoe and San, some of whom follow a traditional nomadic way of life. Languages: English (official), Tswana. Religions: Christianity (mostly independent and unaffiliated Christians; also Protestant), traditional beliefs. Currency: pula. Botswana is essentially a sand-filled basin, with a mean elevation of about 3,300 ft (1,000 m). Part of the Kalahari Desert is in the southwest and west, while the Okavango Swamp is in the north. The only sources of permanent surface water are the Chobe River, which marks the Namibian boundary; the Okavango River, in the far northwest; and the Limpopo River, which marks the South African boundary in the southeast. The economy traditionally depends on livestock raising; the development of diamond mining has increased the country’s wealth. Botswana is a multiparty republic with one legislative body and an advisory body; the president serves as head of state and government. The region’s earliest inhabitants were the Khoekhoe and San. Sites were settled as early as 190 bce during the southerly migration of Bantu-speaking farmers. Tswana dynasties, which developed in the western Transvaal in the 13th–14th centuries, moved into Botswana in the 18th century and established several powerful states. European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, but it was the discovery of gold in 1867 that excited European interest. In 1885 the area became the British Bechuanaland Protectorate, remaining so until the 1960s. In 1966 the Republic of Bechuanaland was proclaimed as an independent member of the British Commonwealth, and later that year its name was changed to Botswana. Independent Botswana tried to maintain a delicate balance between its economic dependence on South Africa and its relations with the surrounding black countries; the independence of Namibia in 1990 and South Africa’s rejection of apartheid eased tensions.
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