Finland, officially Republic of Finland, Country, northern Europe. Area: 130,684 sq mi (338,472 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 5,625,000. Capital: Helsinki. The majority of the people are Finns; there is a small Sami (Lapp) population in Lapland. Languages: Finnish and Swedish are both “national” languages; the Sami speak a Finno-Ugric language. Religion: Christianity (predominantly Protestant; also Eastern Orthodox). Currency: euro. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries, about one-third of it lying north of the Arctic Circle. Heavily forested, it contains thousands of lakes, numerous rivers, and extensive areas of marshland. Except for a small highland region in the extreme northwest, Finland’s relief doesn’t vary greatly. The south has relatively mild weather; the north has severe and prolonged winters and short summers. Finland has a developed free-market economy combined with state ownership of a few key industries. It is among the wealthiest countries in Europe and in the world. Lumbering is a major industry, and manufacturing is highly developed; service industries are also notable. Finland is a multiparty republic with one legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Archaeological discoveries have led some to suggest that human habitation in Finland dates back at least 100,000 years. Ancestors of the Sami apparently were present in Finland by about 7000 bce. The ancestors of the present-day Finns came from the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland in the 1st millennium bce. The area was gradually Christianized from the 11th century ce. From the 12th century Sweden and Russia contested for supremacy in Finland, until in 1323 Sweden ruled most of the country. Russia was ceded part of Finnish territory in 1721; in 1808 Alexander I of Russia invaded Finland, which in 1809 was formally ceded to Russia. The subsequent period saw the growth of Finnish nationalism. Russia’s losses in World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917 set the stage for Finland’s independence in 1917. Finland was defeated by the Soviet Union in the Russo-Finnish War (1939–40) but renewed its fight with the Soviets (the “War of Continuation”) after Germany attacked the U.S.S.R. in 1941. In 1944, facing defeat again, Finland made peace with the Soviets, ceding territory and paying reparations. Finland’s economy recovered after World War II. It joined the European Union in 1995.
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