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While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
The minstrel character, Jim Crow, is created by Thomas Dartmouth Rice, a white actor who performs on stage in blackface. He develops a stereotyped black character for comic effect who appears foolish and illiterate. By the late 1830s the term Jim Crow is widely used as a derogatory epithet for blacks.
The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) to the Constitution of the United States formally abolished slavery.
NARAAfter ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which formally abolishes slavery, many regions in the South pass black code laws. Among many other limitations, these laws restrict the types of work formerly enslaved people can perform and the wages they can receive.
1877
In Hall v. DeCuir, the Supreme Court rules that states cannot prohibit segregation on common carriers such as railroads, streetcars, and riverboats. As a result, whites and blacks must sit in separate areas of these carriers.
1883
In the Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court declares the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. This ruling essentially sanctions the notion of “separate but equal” facilities and transportation for whites and blacks.
1890
The Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890 requires “equal but separate accommodations” for white and black passengers on state railroads. Legal challenges to the act follow.
May 18, 1896
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the Separate Car Act. The ruling is a defeat for black citizens and solidifies the era of Jim Crow laws, which lasts until the 1960s.
African Americans sit in a segregated waiting room at a train station in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1921.
Woodward—State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory (https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/32442)Jim Crow laws expand around the country, segregating schools, parks, businesses, sports, churches, hospitals, and many other areas of life. Blacks are also restricted from buying property in white sections of towns and cities. Many states throughout the country pass miscegenation laws, making it illegal for whites and persons of color to marry or cohabitate. Violence by the Ku Klux Klan and by lynch mobs prevent many blacks from protesting or resisting Jim Crow laws.
1954
In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka the U.S. Supreme Court rules that “separate but equal” is unconstitutional. The Court finds that not only does racial separation produce an unequal education but it does serious psychological harm to black children. The process of desegregating schools begins.
1964–68
Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. In Loving v. Virginia (1967) the Court declares miscegenation laws unconstitutional. These advances effectively end the Jim Crow era.
