Leonardo da Vinci’s Achievements

Early on, Leonardo found a balance between technique and expressiveness, as seen in his Adoration of the Magi, from 1482. In addition, he honed his technique of “sfumato,” or shading with soft outlines or haziness, to further his emotive but precise painting. A masterwork from his early period demonstrating this technique is The Virgin of the Rocks. As always, Leonardo casts his subjects with precision and expressiveness, which in turn produces an aesthetic effect of elegance and power. Another important work, painted over three years (1495–98) in Milan, is Last Supper. The painting depicts Jesus and his 12 disciples with a wide range of distinct emotional expressions. But perhaps Leonardo’s most famous work is the Mona Lisa, painted between 1503 and 1519. The Mona Lisa just might be the definitive portrait painting in art history. It features the famous “Mona Lisa smile.” The sitter’s mysterious smile and her unproven identity have made the painting a source of ongoing investigation and fascination.

When he sought to serve Duke Ludovico Sforza in Milan, Leonardo cast himself as an architect. But he never quite got the chance to practice architecture. He produced numerous sketches and ideas for architectural designs for both churches and secular buildings. His studies were thorough and well-considered. Unfortunately, he never attained the level of practical engagement he did with painting, anatomy, or various other scientific endeavors. Leonardo’s role in architectural projects was principally that of adviser. He was associated with the best architects of his day, and many of Leonardo’s sketches reveal his mastery of technical as well as artistic architectural problems. Because his architectural drawings extend over his whole life, they have outstanding historical value.

Leonardo’s early anatomical studies were thorough in their consideration of parts of the body as well as how those parts worked together. He was especially interested in the brain, heart, and lungs. His anatomical drawings, which are among the most significant of the Renaissance, are helpful in studying aspects of the human body while tracing how all parts of the body act in concert. Leonardo, however, did not consider himself an expert in the field of anatomy. In fact, he did not publish his findings publicly during his life. For him, the study of the human body helped him to refine his notions of art as well as his notions of science. His anatomical considerations formed, in effect, the foundation of his orientation with how human figures interact with the world. This in turn informed his painting, making it all the more realistic in its expressiveness. 

Leonardo’s interest in science did not stop with anatomy. He studied hydraulic engineering. He even sketched a flying machine with wings and a “helical airscrew” that almost seems a prototype for the modern helicopter. Leonardo’s voluminous notebooks also contain a treatise on the science of painting, a treatise on architecture, and a book on the elements of mechanics. To these were added notes on his studies of botany, geology, aerology, and hydrology. One interesting aspect of his notebooks is his use of mirror writing, or putting words down on paper in such a way that they can be read normally only when the page is held up to a mirror. The reason for his mirror writing is uncertain because Leonardo did not intend to keep his notebooks a secret. Exactly how many notebooks he composed is unknown. In all, 31 have been preserved.