airplane summary

Find out about the development and basic components of airplanes

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Below is the article summary. For the full article, see airplane.

Two physical forces essential to airplane flight are thrust and lift. Jet engines, such as the turbofan shown, provide forward thrust by taking in air through the front of the engine, compressing it, and burning it with fuel in the combustor. Hot exhaust gases and air are then expelled at high speed from the rear of the engine. Lift is generated by the flow of air past the wings. Air flowing over the rounded upper surface of a wing moves faster than air flowing past the flat lower surface; as a result, the air above the wing exerts a lower pressure than the air below, producing a net upward force, or lift. Both lift and drag (friction caused by the plane moving through air) can be adjusted by the movement of ailerons, landing flaps, and tabs on the wings' edges. At the rear of the plane, the elevator, located on the horizontal stabilizer, controls the airplane's movement around the lateral axis. Both the elevator and the rudder, located on the vertical stabilizer, help to control turning movements initiated by the ailerons.

airplane, Fixed-wing aircraft that is heavier than air, propelled by a screw propeller or a high-velocity jet, and supported by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. An airplane’s essential components are the body or fuselage, a flight-sustaining wing system, stabilizing tail surfaces, altitude-control devices such as rudders, a thrust-providing power source, and a landing support system. Beginning in the 1840s, several British and French inventors produced designs for engine-powered aircraft, but the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight was only achieved by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903. Later airplane design was affected by the development of the jet engine; most airplanes today have a long nose section, swept-back wings with jet engines placed behind the plane’s midsection, and a tail stabilizing section. Most airplanes are designed to operate from land; seaplanes are adapted to touch down on water, and carrier-based planes are modified for high-speed short takeoff and landing. See also airfoil; aviation; glider; helicopter.

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