VX

VX, synthetic chemical weapon, classified as a nerve agent, that is the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known warfare agents. Nerve agents are similar in action to pesticides called organophosphates, though much more potent.

VX was developed at a British government facility in 1952. The United Kingdom renounced all chemical and biological weapons in 1956 but traded information on the production of VX with the United States in exchange for technical information on the production of thermonuclear bombs. In 1961 the United States began large-scale production of VX. The only other countries believed to have built up VX arsenals were the Soviet Union, France, and Syria. Following the signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1993, the United States and Russia (which had inherited the Soviet program) began the elimination of their chemical warfare stocks.

VX is an odourless and tasteless liquid that looks somewhat like motor oil. It can become an aerosol through explosion or a vapour through heating. VX is considered a very persistent agent. If released, it can stay in the environment for days to weeks before evaporating. The length of persistency depends on the amount of the agent present and on weather conditions. High temperatures, humidity, wind, and moisture shorten persistency. Due to the extreme danger that it poses, VX is on the U.S. Superfund Extremely Dangerous Substances list.

VX is toxic in its liquid, aerosol, and vapour forms, and it is most hazardous when absorbed through the skin. As an aerosol, it can be inhaled and absorbed through the lungs. It can also be absorbed through the digestive system if ingested. Exposure to VX produces health effects within seconds to minutes. Large exposures may cause death within 1 to 10 minutes.

VR, also known as Russian VX or R-VX, is similar in composition to VX. It was developed by Soviet researchers in the late 1950s, and by the 1970s the Soviet Union had produced more than 15,000 tons of the chemical.

VX affects the nervous system by blocking the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). When the enzyme is blocked, messages from the brain are short-circuited at the nerve endings, resulting in hyperactivity in the organs stimulated by the nerves.

The physical effects of VX exposure include involuntary muscle contractions and increased secretion of fluids, such as tears and saliva, resulting from acetylcholine accumulation in the peripheral nervous system, and seizures resulting from acetylcholine accumulation in the central nervous system. Other potential symptoms of exposure include chest tightness, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, nausea and vomiting, and tremors. Death from VX exposure commonly results from respiratory dysfunction caused by paralyzation of the respiratory muscles, buildup of pulmonary secretions, and depression of the brain’s respiratory centre.

Antidotes are available for VX, and they are most useful when given as soon as possible after exposure. Injections of atropine can counteract the lethal effects of VX, while the drug pralidoxime counteracts enzyme-related effects, allowing cells to resume normal function.

Individuals who believe they have been exposed should quickly and carefully remove their clothes and thoroughly wash their entire body with soap and water. They should also rinse their eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes if they experience a burning sensation or blurry vision.

VX has never been used in combat, but there have been several instances of intentional and accidental VX exposure in recent history. On March 13, 1968, a high-speed jet sprayed about 1,200 litres (320 gallons) of VX across the U.S. Army’s Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, Utah, in a weapons test. The next day, an estimated 6,000 sheep were found dead between about 45 and 65 km (30 and 40 miles) northeast of the aircraft drop area. An investigation later found that the jet that had sprayed the VX had experienced a malfunction in its delivery tanks that caused the gas to be dispersed at a much higher altitude than intended, allowing it to spread far beyond the testing grounds to within 80 miles (130 km) of Salt Lake City.

In 1994 the Japanese cult AUM Shinrikyo used VX in several assassination plots, many of which were successful. In one effort, two AUM Shinrikyo members used VX to kill 20 dissident members of the cult. In another incident, the cult unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate attorney Taro Takimoto by spreading VX on a door and handle of Takimoto’s car. And in yet another attack, a cult member fatally squirted or injected Tadahito Hamaguchi with VX from a syringe because Hamaguchi was suspected of spying on the organization.

In 2017 Kim Jong-Nam, the estranged half brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, was attacked in an airport in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by two female assailants who spread VX on his face with a cloth. Kim died following a seizure on the way to the hospital. His assailants, Doan Thi Huong of Vietnam and Siti Aisya of Indonesia, told authorities they thought that they had been participating in a television prank and that they were victims of a North Korean plot.