Christianity - Natural Theology, Philosophy, Beliefs | Britannica

Christianity

Table of Contents

Introduction
The church and its history
- The essence and identity of Christianity
  - Historical views of the essence
    - Early views
    - Medieval and Reformation views
    - Modern views
  - The question of Christian identity
- The history of Christianity
  - The primitive church
    - The relation of the early church to late Judaism
    - The relation of the early church to the career and intentions of Jesus
    - The Gentile mission and St. Paul
    - The contemporary social, religious, and intellectual world
  - The internal development of the early Christian church
    - The problem of jurisdictional authority
    - The problem of scriptural authority
    - The problem of theological authority
    - Early heretical movements
  - Relations between Christianity and the Roman government and the Hellenistic culture
    - Church-state relations
    - Christianity and Classical culture
    - The Apologists
  - The early liturgy, the calendar, and the arts
  - The alliance between church and empire
  - Theological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries
    - Western controversies
    - Eastern controversies
  - Liturgy and the arts after Constantine
    - New forms of worship
    - Historical and polemical writing
  - Political relations between East and West
  - Literature and art of the “Dark Ages”
  - Missions and monasticism
  - The Photian schism and the great East-West schism
    - The Photian schism
    - The great East-West schism
- From the schism to the Reformation
  - Papacy and empire
  - Medieval thought
  - Reformation
- Christianity from the 16th to the 21st century
- Contemporary Christianity
  - Roman Catholicism
  - The Eastern churches
    - Eastern Orthodoxy
    - Oriental Orthodoxy
  - Protestantism
    - Lutheranism
    - Anglicanism
    - Presbyterian and Reformed churches
    - Other Protestant churches
- Christian doctrine
  - The nature and functions of doctrine
  - Scripture and tradition: the apostolic witness
  - Evangelism: the first teaching about the God of Jesus Christ
  - Catechesis: instructing candidates for baptism
  - Liturgy: the school and feast of faith
  - Ethics: obeying the truth
  - Aversion of heresy: the establishment of orthodoxy
  - Apologetics: defending the faith
  - Restatement: respecting language and knowledge
  - Inculturation: respecting places and peoples
  - Dogma: the most authoritative teaching
  - Consensus: patterns of agreement
  - Theology: loving God with the mind
  - Symbolics: creeds and confessions
  - Development: the maturation of understanding
  - Schism: division over substantial matters
  - Controversy: fighting over the faith
  - Ecumenism: speaking the truth in love
- God the Father
  - Characteristic features of the Christian concept of God
  - The specific concept of God as Father
  - The belief in the oneness of the Father and the Son
  - The revelatory character of God
  - God as Creator, Sustainer, and Judge
  - The view that God is not solitary
  - Modern views of God
  - Satan and the origin of evil
- God the Son
  - Different interpretations of the person of Jesus
  - The Christological controversies
  - Messianic views
  - The doctrine of the Virgin Mary and holy Wisdom
- God the Holy Spirit
  - Contradictory aspects of the Holy Spirit
  - Conflict between order and charismatic freedom
  - The operations of the Holy Spirit
- The Holy Trinity
  - The basis for the doctrine of the Trinity
  - Introduction of Neoplatonic themes
  - Attempts to define the Trinity
- Anthropology
  - What it is to be human
  - The human as a creature
  - The human as the image of God
  - Human redemption
  - The problem of suffering
  - The resurrection of the body
  - Progressive human perfection
  - The “new man”: The human being in the light of Christ
  - The “reborn human”
  - Human liberation
  - Joy in human existence
  - The charismatic believer
  - Christian perfection
  - Fellow humans as the present Christ
- The church
  - Normative defenses in the early church
  - Evolution of the episcopal office
  - Authority and dissent
  - Organization
  - Church polity
  - Liturgy
  - New liturgical forms and antiliturgical attitudes
- Church tradition
  - The sacraments
  - Scriptural traditions
  - Veneration of places, objects, and people
  - Monasticism
  - The saintly life
  - Art and iconography
  - Theology of icons
- Eschatology
  - Expectations of the kingdom of God in early Christianity
  - Expectations of the kingdom of God in the medieval and Reformation periods
  - Expectations of the kingdom of God in the post-Reformation period
  - The role of imminent expectation in missions and emigrations
  - Eschatological expectations and secularization
  - Concepts of life after death
Aspects of the Christian religion
- Christian philosophy
  - History of the interactions of philosophy and theology
    - Influence of Greek philosophy
    - Emergence of official doctrine
    - Aristotle and Aquinas
    - Other influences
  - Faith and reason
  - Christian philosophy as natural theology
    - Arguments for the existence of God
      The design (or teleological) argument
      The cosmological argument
      The ontological argument
      Moral arguments
      Arguments from religious experience and miracles
    - The immortality of the soul
  - 20th-century discussions
    - Influence of logical positivism
    - Evidentialist approach
- Christian mysticism
  - History of Christian mysticism
    - Early church
    - Eastern Christianity
    - Western Catholic Christianity
    - Protestant Christianity
  - Stages of Christian mysticism
    - The dying to self
    - The union with God
    - The readjustment
  - Forms of Christian mysticism
    - Christ-mysticism
    - Trinitarian mysticism
    - Negative mysticism: God and the Godhead
  - Significance of Christian mysticism
- Christian myth and legend
  - Characteristics of Christian myth and legend
  - History of Christian myth and legend
    - The early church
      The ages of the world
      Messianic secrets and the mysteries of salvation
      The Magi and the Child of Wondrous Light
      Relics and saints
    - The Middle Ages
    - Renaissance magic and science
    - Christian practice in the modern world
The Christian community and the world
- The relationships of Christianity
  - Historical views
  - Church, sect, and mystical movement
  - Church and state
    - The history of church and state
      The church and the Roman Empire
      The church and the Byzantine, or Eastern, Empire
      The church and Western states
      Separation of church and state
    - Church and state in Eastern and Western theology
      The views of Eusebius of Caesarea
      The views of Augustine
      Later developments
  - Church and society
    - The problem of slavery and persecution
    - Theological and humanitarian motivations
  - Church and education
    - Intellectualism versus anti-intellectualism
    - Forms of Christian education
  - Church and social welfare
    - Curing and caring for the sick
      Healing the sick
      Care for the sick
    - Care for widows and orphans
    - Property, poverty, and the poor
    - Pastoral care
  - Church and minorities
  - Church and family
    - The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage
    - The tendency toward asceticism
  - Church and the individual
    - Love as the basis for Christian ethics
    - Freedom and responsibility
- Christian missions
  - Biblical foundations
  - The history of Christian missions
    - First transition, to 500 ce
    - Second transition, to 1500 ce
      Western mission
      Papal mission
      Eastern and Nestorian missions
      The rise of Islam
    - Third transition, to 1950
      Roman Catholic mission, 1500–1950
      Protestant missions, 1500–1950
      Early Protestant missions
      Missions to Asia
      Missions to South East Asia and the Pacific
      Missions to Africa and South America
      Missionary associations
      Orthodox and nondenominational missions
    - Fourth transition, from 1950
    - Scripture translations
- Ecumenism
  - The biblical perspective
  - The history of ecumenism
    - Early controversies
    - The Schism of 1054
    - The Reformation
    - Ecumenism in the 17th and 18th centuries
    - 19th-century efforts
    - Ecumenism since the start of the 20th century
- Christianity and world religions
  - Conflicting Christian attitudes
  - Contemporary views

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Natural theology is generally characterized as the attempt to establish religious truths by rational argument and without reliance upon alleged revelations. It has focused traditionally on the topics of the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. St. Paul, and many others in the Greco-Roman world, believed that the existence of God is evident from the appearances of nature: “Ever since the creation of the world his invisible nature, namely, his eternal power and deity, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made” (Romans 1:20). The most popular, because the most accessible, of the theistic ...(100 of 123588 words)

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