National Democratic Alliance

National Democratic Alliance (NDA), alliance of right-leaning political parties in India, led by the pro-Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) held power first from 1999 until 2004 under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and again from 2014 to the present under Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Despite some ideological conflicts among its member parties, the NDA was formed in 1998 with the shared objective of keeping the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) out of power. The BJP had struggled to gain and maintain power in the 1990s, but it successfully organized more than 20 national and regional parties into the NDA coalition. From that position, the NDA contested the 1999 parliamentary elections. The alliance secured a governing majority, with the BJP winning 182 of the coalition’s 294 seats. Because the BJP was the largest party in the alliance, when the NDA achieved a parliamentary majority, BJP members occupied key roles such as the position of prime minister, which was held by Vajpayee, who also served as chair of the NDA.

The NDA’s first full five-year term in office was marked by instability. Regional parties came and went from the coalition as a result of local political calculations, which changed depending on the conduct of both the national government as a whole and other BJP-led state and local governments. Domestically, the NDA’s term in office was marked by increased liberalization of the economy. Internationally, the BJP-led government worked to improve relations with the United States and Israel as well as to resolve conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir. However, although economic developments in particular were popular, the reputation of the BJP itself suffered in the 2004 elections as a result of widespread communal riots that engulfed Gujarat in 2002. Criticism arose against some BJP members—including Modi, who was chief minister of the state of Gujarat at the time—for their role in the riots. In 2004 the NDA lost its majority, and the Congress Party’s United Progressive Alliance (UPA) took power.

By 2014, however, the BJP’s fortunes had begun to rise, largely because of growing discontent with Congress Party rule. Although the BJP was not immune to scandal—including accusations of an illegal mining scam in Karnataka state—it was able to capitalize on the Congress Party’s declining popularity from a series of corruption scandals and a troubled economy and improve its own political chances in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. In 2013 it had put aside concerns about Modi’s actions in the 2002 Gujarat violence and chose him to be the party’s leader in the 2014 electoral campaign. Modi then led the NDA to a massive victory in the elections. The BJP won a near outright majority, members of other NDA parties also gained positions in government, and NDA-affiliated parties were boosted in regional elections.

In 2018 the BJP struggled in state elections, and some observers predicted that the NDA would lose power in national elections set for the spring of 2019. But the political winds shifted as a consequence of a security crisis in Jammu and Kashmir in February 2019. With the BJP dominating the airwaves during the campaign—in contrast to the lackluster campaign of Rahul Gandhi and Congress—the BJP and NDA were returned to power.