Pulp Fiction

Pulp Fiction, American crime-comedy film, released in 1994, that was written by Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary and directed by Tarantino. Pulp Fiction, the second full-length film directed by Tarantino—after Reservoir Dogs (1992)—secured his reputation as a bold, new voice in filmmaking. The film is influential for its nonlinear plot structure, vibrant dialogue bursting with pop-culture references, and comical take on violence and the criminal underworld.

Pulp Fiction begins with displays of two dictionary definitions of the word pulp that foretell the film’s nonchronological narrative (pulp as a soft, shapeless mass) and its subject matter taken straight from the lurid, hard-boiled, cheaply produced crime stories of the early 20th century (popularly called “pulp novels” or “pulp fiction”). The film is set in modern Los Angeles and follows a series of characters who seem unrelated to each other but whose storylines are revealed to be interconnected. Two lovers, Pumpkin (played by Tim Roth) and Honey Bunny (Amanda Plummer) decide to rob a diner they are sitting in. Two hitmen, Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) and Vincent Vega (John Travolta), retrieve a stolen briefcase belonging to mob boss Marcellus Wallace (Ving Rhames). Vincent also takes Marcellus’s trophy wife, Mia (Uma Thurman), out for dinner on Marcellus’s orders. A boxer named Butch (Bruce Willis) accepts a payoff from Marcellus to throw his next fight but then double-deals Marcellus by winning the fight, collecting money on a side bet, and going on the run with his girlfriend, Fabienne (Maria de Medeiros).

Important subplots include the capture and torture of two characters in a pawnshop run by sadomasochistic neo-Nazis, an accidental killing that requires the services of a crime-scene “cleaner” (Harvey Keitel), and Jules’s sudden decision to quit crime and lead a spiritual life (which he describes as a decision “to walk the earth”). Most scenes are punctuated by violence that has a comical rather than fearsome or menacing tone, with the exception of the pawnshop’s torture scene.

The dialogue is also more humorous than serious, with interchanges taking place that initially seem irrelevant to the plot. One of the film’s most famous exchanges involves Jules and Vincent as they make their way toward retrieving the stolen briefcase. Their conversation focuses on arcane topics such as what the French call a McDonald’s Quarter Pounder and Big Mac (“Royale with Cheese” and “Le Big Mac,” respectively) and how a pilot television program is chosen to become a series. However, both topics reappear later in the film. Another scene featuring a bizarre monologue by an U.S. Air Force captain (Christopher Walken) about a gold watch passed down through generations reveals itself to be important to the plot, complicating Butch’s escape after he throws his fight.

Despite the film’s veneer of irreverence, themes that emerge in the story include vengeance and redemption. Several characters are shown engaging in inner moral battles, negotiating the terms of a relationship—whether between lovers, enemies, or crime partners—and dealing with the consequences of their choices in ways that either save or cost them their lives by the film’s end.

Pulp Fiction received overwhelmingly enthusiastic reviews from critics after its release and was a box office success. A few months ahead of its wide release, it premiered at the Cannes film festival, where it won the top prize, the Palme d’Or. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including for best picture, directing, and film editing. Jackson, Thurman, and Travolta all received acting award nominations, and Tarantino and Avary won the Oscar for best original screenplay. The film’s soundtrack, featuring an eclectic mix of classic soul hits, surf music, and a cover of a Neil Diamond tune, became a best-selling album.

Many other filmmakers subsequently attempted to duplicate Pulp Fiction’s elements of fractured narrative, stylized violence, and a script loaded with pop-culture riffs—some more successfully than others. Films that owe their structure or style to Pulp Fiction include Things to Do in Denver When You’re Dead (1995), 2 Days in the Valley (1996), Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), and Go (1999). Film buffs also indulged in imaginative speculation about certain elements in the film, such as what appear to be plot threads connecting its characters with those in Reservoir Dogs and theories about the contents of the stolen briefcase, which are not revealed but give off a mysterious glow whenever the case is opened. (The glowing briefcase was, in fact, an homage to Robert Aldrich’s 1955 film noir drama Kiss Me Deadly, and many other scenes in Pulp Fiction similarly evoke other classics of that genre.)

In 2013 Pulp Fiction was added to the National Film Registry, a film preservation program established by the U.S. Library of Congress that selects films of cultural, historical, and aesthetic significance.