iOS

iOS, multiplatform operating system (OS) created and developed by Apple Inc. for its iPhone. The platform formerly also supported the company’s iPad (until 2019) and iPod Touch (until 2022) devices. The software is based on Mac OS X (after 2016, macOS), which Apple has used since 2001 to power its Macintosh computers. In turn, iOS was the template for watchOS, tvOS, and iPadOS, the systems that support Apple Watch, Apple TV, and iPad, respectively. In 2022 iOS remained the second most-installed mobile OS in the world.

The debut of iOS on the first-generation iPhone in 2007 was a significant advance on existing multitouch technology, which enables users to operate computers with contact pressure, such as via a stylus or hand gesture. The system’s update in 2008, which allowed users to buy new applications from third-party developers, made the iPhone not only a financial success but one of the most significant new consumer products of the 21st century.

When Apple Inc. began developing the iPhone in 2005, the company already marketed and sold the iPod, a compact media player, and the Mac, a desktop computer. American businessman and Apple Inc. cofounder and CEO Steve Jobs was faced with the decision of whether to achieve the new product’s desired functionality by scaling up the OS of the iPod or scaling down the Mac OS. Rather than choose outright, Jobs placed the engineering teams responsible for each device in competition with each other. The team behind the Mac OS X, led by Vice Pres. Scott Forstall, won the race by successfully running the Mac OS on an iPhone prototype.

Although its OS was based on the Mac OS X, Jobs still modeled the original iPhone after the iPod, requiring that all its applications be designed by Apple and preinstalled on the device. Nothing was customizable, not even the screen’s black background. Jobs decided to “lock down” the phone in this way because he feared that third-party software would crash and cut off users’ phone calls. Although initial iPhone sales were high, there soon was demand for additional functionality. Since Apple did not offer added functionality, preferring customers to have a stable core product, users resorted to “jailbreaking” the phone—hacking it to remove its restrictions.

Less than four months after the iPhone’s release, Jobs announced that a software developer’s kit for creating third-party applications would be available in 2008. Apple took a 30percent commission on all apps sold. When the App Store opened in July 2008 as part of iOS 2, the iPhone’s sales rose dramatically, and a new market for smartphone applications was born, one that revolutionized how people socialize, shop, and work. The jailbreaking phenomenon declined as Apple and third-party developers met public demand; its legacy, however, continues to influence iPhone and application development. Today the iPhone enjoys the reputation of being one of the most secure systems on the market, honed by years of competition with hackers who continually seek new jailbreaking exploits.

Additional game-changing features arrived in later iOS updates. For example, iOS 4’s new FaceTime application turned the iPhone into a videophone. In addition, iOS 6 introduced Siri, a fully integrated virtual assistant application capable of responding to vocalized questions and commands. Apple Pay was introduced with iOS 8, giving users the ability to make purchases instantly with their smartphones, online or off.

Not all new iOS features have had a smooth rollout. From iOS 1 to iOS 5, Apple used Google Maps as the default Web mapping service. With iO6 the company sought to replace that system with its own Apple Maps. At time of release, however, users found that their new default mapping app suffered from suboptimal routing, fewer search results, and even incorrect placement of famous landmarks. Backlash from customers was so strong that CEO Tim Cook issued a rare apology to customers. The company set out to improve Apple Maps with every iOS update since its debut, and the app is now considered a worthy competitor.

The continued growth of computing power brought the iPhone’s capabilities increasingly in line with the Mac computer’s capabilities. Since iOS originated as a stripped-down version of the Mac OS, it has been relatively easy for Apple to make iOS versions of new Mac features as they become possible. Most new Mac OS features announced at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference are now concurrently released with an iOS version.