Metalwork - Pewter, Casting, Alloying

metalwork

Table of Contents

Introduction
General processes and techniques
- Hammering and casting
- Embossing, or repoussé
- Chasing
- Engraving
- Inlaying
- Enamelling
- Gilding
Western metalwork
- Copper
  - Antiquity
    - Mesopotamia
    - Egypt
  - Middle Ages
    - Europe
    - Islām
  - Renaissance to modern
- Bronze and brass
  - Antiquity
    - Mesopotamia
    - Iran
    - Egypt
    - Crete
    - Greece
    - Etruria
    - Rome
    - Teutonic tribes
  - Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire
  - Middle Ages: Islām
  - Europe from the Middle Ages
    - Italy
    - Germany and the Low Countries
    - England
    - France
- Silver and gold
  - Antiquity
    - Pre-Mycenaean
    - Minoan and Mycenaean
    - Iran
    - Greek and Etruscan
    - Roman
    - Early Christian and Byzantine
  - Middle Ages
    - Carolingian and Ottonian
    - Romanesque
    - Gothic
    - Islām
  - Renaissance to modern
    - 16th century
    - Baroque
    - 18th century
    - Colonial America
    - 19th century
    - Modern
- Pewter
  - Antiquity
  - Middle Ages
  - 16th century to modern
- Iron
  - Early history
  - Belgium and Holland
  - England
  - France
  - Germany
  - Italy
  - Spain
  - United States
  - Mid-19th century onward
- Lead
  - Antiquity
  - Middle Ages
  - Renaissance to modern
Non-Western metalwork
- South Asia
  - Iron
  - Gold and silver
- Central and Southeast Asia
- East Asia
  - China
    - Bronze
    - Iron
    - Gold and silver
  - Korea
    - The formative years
    - The Three Kingdoms period (c. 57 bc–ad 668)
    - The Unified, or Great, Silla period (668–935)
    - The Koryŏ period (918–1392)
  - Japan
    - Bronze and other metals
    - Gold and silver
- American Indian peoples
  - Pre-Columbian
  - Southwest Indian
  - Modern
- Africa

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In its pure form, tin is far from suitable for making into implements because it is too brittle for casting successfully and is not easy to melt down. For this reason it has always been alloyed with certain other metals, mainly lead, in the proportion of 10:1, or copper, alloyed about 100:4, to make what is known as pewter. In medieval Germany, the municipal authorities and the guilds laid down permissible ratios to be used for tin alloys. The authorities also kept an eye on the pewterers and their products to make sure that regulations were adhered to. So that ...(100 of 28364 words)

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