Ancient Greek literature

Of the literature of ancient Greece only a relatively small proportion survives. Yet it remains important, not only because much of it is of supreme quality but also because until the mid-19th century the greater part of the literature of the Western…

…of the Persian Wars on literature and art was obvious and immediate; the wars prompted such poetry as the Persians of Aeschylus and a dithyramb of Pindar praising the Athenians for laying the shining foundations of liberty and such art as the Athenian dedications at Delphi or the paintings in…

…collect and catalogue every extant Greek book and to produce critical editions of the most important together with textual and interpretative commentaries. Many such editions and commentaries did in fact appear. Alexandrian editing was distinguished above all by respect for the tradition; the text was constituted from the oldest and…

The Orphic texts provide the popular parallel to the Platonic myth of Er in the 10th book of The Republic, where Plato somewhat recast Lethe and Mnemosyne into Ameles (“Unmindfulness”) and Anamnesis (“Recollection”). Thus, epigraphy not merely supplements the literary record of Greek civilization but also complements…

The term derived from an ancient Greek word that originally meant a song accompanied by music or the particular tone or accent given to an individual syllable. Greek and Latin literary critics generally regarded prosody as part of grammar; it concerned itself with the rules determining the length or shortness…

Greek literature reflects the impact of the stars on the life of an agricultural and seafaring people. Homer (c. 9th century bce) records several constellations by the names used today, and the first mention of circumpolar stars is in the Odyssey. Odysseus is

…the 1st millennium bce caused literature to develop on a dialect basis. The Homeric epic displays an artificial dialect based on Asiatic Ionic but interspersed with Aeolic and even Mycenaean elements inherited from a long oral tradition. Choral lyric also uses an artificial dialect, which is based on Doric but…

…contrasting pairs of biographies, one Greek and one Roman, appeared; there followed within a brief span of years the Lives of the Caesars, by the Roman emperor Hadrian’s librarian Suetonius. These works established a quite subtle mingling of character sketch with chronological narrative that has ever since been the dominant…

In the Western world, biographical literature can be said to begin in the 5th century bce with the poet Ion of Chios, who wrote brief sketches of such famous contemporaries as Pericles and Sophocles. It continued throughout the classical period for a thousand…

The Greek approach was to record the spoken word. The Romans, on the other hand, aimed to epitomize existing knowledge in readable form. Their first known effort is the Praecepta ad filium (“Advice to His Son”; c. 183 bce), a series of letters (now lost) written…

Ancient Greek epitaphs are often of considerable literary interest, deep and tender in feeling, rich and varied in expression, and epigrammatic in form. They are usually in elegiac verse, though many of the later epitaphs are in prose.

…and in the drama of Classical Greece both comedy and tragedy, by preserving ritual forms, lean toward allegory. Old Comedy, as represented by the majority of plays by Aristophanes, contains a curious blending of elements—allusions to men of the day, stories suggesting ideas other than the obvious literal sense, religious…

Hellenic tradition after Homer stands in sharp contrast to this concentration on the fulfilling of a divine plan. The analytic, essentially scientific histories of Herodotus and Thucydides precluded much confident belief in visionary providence. The Greeks rather believed history to be structured in cycles, as…

Of the Greeks, Herodotus of Halicarnassus (5th century bce, a contemporary of Xerxes I and Artaxerxes I) was the first to report on “Babylon and the rest of Assyria”; at that date the Assyrian empire had been overthrown for more than 100 years. The Athenian Xenophon took…

The Greeks were among the first to practice light verse, examples of which may be found in the Greek Anthology. Such Roman poets as Catullus, singing of his love’s sparrow, and Horace, inviting friends to share his wine, set patterns in light poetry that were followed…

…are sometimes known as the Greek romances—narrative works in prose by Greek writers from the 1st century bc to the 3rd century ad. The first known, the fragmentary Ninus romance, in telling the story of the love of Ninus, mythical founder of Nineveh, anticipates the medieval roman d’antiquité. A number…

]—died after 180, Athens [Greece]) ancient Greek rhetorician, pamphleteer, and satirist.

…although he had read the Greek dramatist Aristophanes and was familiar with a number of Greek forms that one would call satiric. But the Greeks had no specific word for satire, and by satura (which meant originally something like “medley” or “miscellany” and from which comes the English satire) Quintilian…

…doses than in the full-blown Aristophanic manner. In Elizabethan England, Ben Jonson wrote plays that he called “comicall satyres”—Every Man out of His Humour, Poetaster—and there are substantial elements of satire in Shakespeare’s plays, some in the comedies but, more impressively, a dark and bitter satire in

The early Greeks contributed greatly to the scope and art of short fiction. As in India, the moralizing animal fable was a common form; many of these tales were collected as Aesop’s fables, the first known collection of which dates to the 4th century…

…probably affected by Greek influence, literary and technical works were translated into Greek, and under royal patronage an Egyptian priest named Manetho of Sebennytos wrote an account of the kings of Egypt in Greek. Most striking is the diffusion of the works of the poets and playwrights of classical Greece…

In ancient Greek culture—which is usually assessed as rationalistic—a Dionysian (i.e., instinctive) strain can be discerned in the works of the poet Pindar, in the dramatists, and even in such philosophers as Pythagoras and Empedocles and in Plato. In early modern philosophy—even during the ascendancy of…

Although almost all of the criticism ever written dates from the 20th century, questions first posed by Plato and Aristotle are still of prime concern, and every critic who has attempted to justify the social value of literature has had to come to terms…

…fact that they are in Greek is indicative of interest among local Greek colonists in the culture of their neighbours. Another popular author was Apollodorus of Artemita (a town near Seleucia), who wrote under the Parthians a history of Parthia in Greek as well as other works on geography. Greek…

…Classical Latin and, where possible, Greek, which began to be studied again in the West in 1397, when the Greek scholar Manuel Chrysoloras was invited to lecture in Florence. They also insisted upon the study of Classical authors at first hand, banishing the medieval textbooks and compendiums from their schools.…

The Greeks thought of history as one of the seven arts, inspired by a goddess, the muse Clio. All of the world’s classic surveys of history can stand as noble examples of the art of literature, but most historical works and studies today are not written…

…texts of most of the Greek Classics. Roman literary scholarship was rhetorical rather than analytic. With the coming of Islam, there was established across the whole warm temperate zone of the Old World a far-flung community of scholars who were at home in learned circles from India to Spain. Judaism,…

…Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Egypt, Greek literature has no direct literary ancestry and appears self-originated. Roman writers looked to Greek precept for themes, treatment, and choice of verse and metre. Rome eventually passed the torch on to the early Middle Ages, by which time Greek had been subsumed under a…