A potpourri of genres
Although most programs fell within this escapist framework, the prime-time network schedules of the 1960s exhibited more genre diversity than would be seen again until the cable era. Variety shows (The Red Skelton Show [NBC/CBS/NBC, 1951–71]; The Ed Sullivan Show [CBS, 1948–71]; and others), westerns (Gunsmoke; Bonanza [NBC, 1959–73]; and others), game shows (What’s My Line [CBS, 1950–67]; To Tell the Truth [CBS, 1956–68]; and others), historical dramas (The Untouchables [ABC, 1959–63]; Combat! [ABC, 1962–67]; and others), an animated series (The Flintstones [ABC, 1960–66]), a forerunner of 21st-century “reality” shows (Candid Camera [ABC/NBC/CBS, 1948–67]), a cold war espionage parody (Get Smart [NBC/CBS, 1965–70]), a prime-time soap opera (Peyton Place [ABC, 1964–69]), animal shows (Lassie [CBS, 1954–71]; Flipper [NBC, 1964–68]), and a collection of sitcoms and dramas featuring lawyers, cops, doctors, and detectives all made the Nielsen top-30 lists during this decade.
The 1960s also saw the introduction of the made-for-TV movie. By mid-decade, film production was not keeping pace with network needs. In 1964 NBC began airing full-length movies that had been made especially for television. CBS and ABC each followed with two original features of their own in 1966. By 1970, 50 new made-for-television movies were broadcast on the networks. Although they were produced on shorter schedules and with lower budgets than feature films made for theatrical distribution, made-for-TV movies could present more complex narratives than a typical episode of a series, and they were not restricted, as series episodes were, by the episodic formula. Because they had not been seen in theatres, made-for-TV movies could be promoted as special events—“world premieres,” as NBC called them in 1966—and they often outperformed regularly scheduled programming. They could also serve double duty as pilot programs for potential new series. (Shorter 30- or 60-minute pilots that were not picked up as series were virtually worthless; a movie-length pilot could recoup its production costs by being broadcast as a “world premiere.”) By the 1970s ABC was broadcasting as many as three made-for-TV movies per week in regular time slots. These independent stories, united under a single series title, signaled a return, in a different guise, to the dramatic anthology format of the 1940s and ’50s. Many titles achieved a significant amount of critical acclaim, including Duel (ABC, 1971), Brian’s Song (ABC, 1971), The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (CBS, 1974), and The Execution of Private Slovik (NBC, 1974).
Technology and educational TV
Satellites
Although colour TV was introduced to consumers in 1954, less than 1 percent of homes had a colour set by the end of that year. Ten years later, in fact, nearly 98 percent of American homes still did not have one. It was not until 1964 that NBC was finally broadcasting over half its programs in colour; CBS reached that threshold the following year. Besides the steady introduction of colour television sets into American homes, the most significant development of 1960s television technology was satellite communications. Before the launching of communications satellites, pre-recorded programs were delivered physically to the networks, which in turn sent them to their affiliated stations by means of specially dedicated phone lines. Stations would then deliver the signals over the air to be received via antennae by households within each station’s range. Satellites made it possible to deliver audiovisual signals from remote locations directly to the networks and, eventually, to local stations and even to individual homes. Early satellites, such as Telstar, which was launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1962, were capable of sending pictures across great distances, but only during periods in which the satellite was in a favourable position. Shortly thereafter, geostationary satellites were launched. They orbited at a speed and altitude that made them appear stationary with respect to a location on the ground and made satellite communication available at any time. Comsat, the Communications Satellite Act of 1962, which became law shortly after the launch of Telstar, created the Communications Satellite Corporation, a private company half of which was to be offered in stock to the general public and half of which would be owned by such major communications companies as AT&T and Western Union. Comsat also administered Intelsat (the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization), which was set up to coordinate a global system of satellite ground stations.
Educational TV
Educational television (ETV) also made important advances in the 1960s. While the FCC had reserved nearly 250 channel frequencies for educational stations in 1953, there were only 44 such stations in operation seven years later. By 1969, however, that number had climbed to 175. Each week, the National Educational Television and Radio Center (after 1963, National Educational Television [NET]) delivered a few hours of comparatively inexpensive programming on film and videotape to educational stations across the country. This material was produced by a consortium of ETV stations, including WGBH in Boston, WTTW in Chicago, and KQED in San Francisco. In 1965 the Carnegie Foundation established its Commission on Education Television to conduct a study of ETV and make recommendations for future action. The report from the commission was published about two years later, and it became the catalyst and model for the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. The Public Broadcasting Act called for the creation of a Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). This body was prohibited from owning stations or producing programs and was to function as a mechanism through which federal funds were distributed to educational stations and program producers. In 1969 the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) was formed to facilitate the interconnection of public TV stations and the efficient distribution of programming. Many of the most popular shows during the early years of PBS were British imports, including The Forsyte Saga (PBS, 1969–70), a 26-part adaptation of the John Galsworthy novels about a wealthy English family in the years 1879 through 1926, and Masterpiece Theatre (PBS, from 1971), an anthology of British programming from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and other producers. Perhaps the most significant and influential contribution to come from educational television in the 1960s, however, was the children’s program Sesame Street (PBS, from 1969). Created and funded by the Children’s Television Workshop, an organization founded and supported by the Ford Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, and the U.S. Office of Education, Sesame Street used production techniques pioneered in advertising—fast cutting, catchy music, amusing characters and situations—to teach preschoolers the alphabet, counting, and basic reading, arithmetic, and social skills. While most educators lauded the effectiveness of Sesame Street in teaching children basic skills, some complained that the show shortened the attention spans of children and that teachers could not compete with the show’s fast-paced entertainment.