Donald Tusk

Donald Tusk (born April 22, 1957, Gdańsk, Poland) of the centrist Civic Platform party returned to office as the prime minister of Poland in 2023 after the country experienced some eight years of increasingly authoritarian rule by the Law and Justice party (PiS). Tusk had been the first prime minister of Poland to serve two consecutive terms (2007–14) since the fall of communism in 1989. He also served as president of the European Council (2014–19).

Early life and start of political career

The son of a carpenter and a nurse, both of whom were enslaved labourers during the Nazi German occupation of Poland, Tusk grew up as part of the Kashubian ethnic minority in the port city of Gdańsk, the birthplace of the Solidarity movement. After showing promise as a football (soccer) player, he studied history at the University of Gdańsk, where he became an anticommunist student leader in the 1970s. Tusk’s political awareness had been dramatically awakened at age 13 when he witnessed police shooting at striking workers. He joined Solidarity in 1980, becoming one of the movement’s prominent young intellectuals. After the imposition of martial law in 1981, Tusk worked as a chimney painter and cofounded a cooperative, one of the few avenues of private enterprise open to Poles at the time. In the process he became a devotee of free-market capitalism and would eventually embrace the economic theories of F.A. Hayek and classical liberalism, as well as look to Western conservatives Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan as role models.

In 1989, as Solidarity began to fragment (the product of political and personality clashes within the movement following its assumption of power and the demise of the communist state), Tusk cofounded the free-market-oriented Liberal and Democratic Congress (KLD) party. He entered the Sejm (lower house of Poland’s legislature) in 1991. After the KLD failed to meet the threshold for representation in the 1993 parliamentary election, it merged with the Democratic Union Party (UD) in 1994 to become the Freedom Union (UW). In 1997 Tusk was elected to the Senate. Then in 2001 he formed another centre-right market-oriented party, Civic Platform (PO), was again elected to the Sejm, and became its deputy speaker. In 2005, as the parties on the left in Poland waned in influence, the PO finished second in Sejm elections to the Law and Justice party (PiS), whose candidate, Lech Kaczyński, defeated Tusk in that year’s presidential election.

First term as prime minister

The tables were turned in 2007, when scandals forced the PiS to call an early legislative election and the PO, having secured a pluralist victory (with some 40 percent of the vote), joined the Polish Peasant’s Party (PSL) in coalition rule, with Tusk as the prime minister. Despite the difficulties of cohabitation with President Kaczyński, Tusk’s popularity swelled as he “reset” Poland’s relations with both Russia and Germany. He also implemented strongly pro-business and pro-European Union (EU) policies that benefited the Polish economy, which, robustly bolstered by EU funds, survived the global economic downturn of 2008–09 and the resulting euro-zone debt crisis to continue to grow while the economies of other EU member countries were badly shaken. Tusk also demonstrated a steady hand during Poland’s first-ever tenure in the presidency of the EU in 2011.

The stability Tusk seemingly brought to Poland was never more visible or necessary than when the country was plunged into despair following the airliner crash in April 2010 near Smolensk, Russia, in which President Kaczyński perished along with a number of other major government and military figures. After initially declaring his interest in the presidency, Tusk removed his name from consideration in the special election in an attempt to maintain continuity for the country and also to see that his party’s policy objectives continued to be realized. Bronisław Komorowski, an associate of Tusk’s, won the special election for the presidency, solidifying the PO’s grip on power, which was further reinforced when Tusk led his party to victory in the 2011 legislative election, becoming the first government returned to office in Poland since 1989.

Second term as prime minister

Much of the political debate in Poland in early 2012 centred on Tusk’s plans to reform the pension system, which called for an increase over time of the retirement age from 65 for men and 60 for women to 67 for both. That reform was deeply unpopular with voters and led to a serious conflict between the PO and its partner in the ruling coalition, the PSL, which was unhappy about both the substance of the proposal and the PO’s lack of consultation with it prior to the plan’s introduction. After weeks of wrangling, the PSL agreed to a retirement age of 67 for both men and women in return for the PO’s agreeing to the possibility of early retirement on a partial pension under certain conditions. The reform was then passed by the Sejm (parliament) and signed into law by the president.

Among the numerous scandals during 2012 that contributed to an overall decline in popular support for the PO was one involving Tusk’s son, Michael, who worked for the Polish discount airline OLT Express, which went bankrupt, followed by its parent company, Amber Gold, a parabank (unlicensed financial institution offering banking services) that was responsible for a widespread Ponzi scheme.

In an attempt to reverse the PO’s waning popularity, Tusk reshuffled his cabinet more than once in 2013. In March the government survived PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński’s attempt to bring it down with the aid of an iPad message. During debate on what became a failed no-confidence vote, the PiS leader employed the device to play a prerecorded speech by potential prime minister Piotr Gliński, who could not address the Sejm in person because he was not a member. There was also trouble for Tusk within his own party. In April he sacked Minister of Justice Jarosław Gowin, officially because of Gowin’s controversial accusation that German research centres were importing foreign embryos for experimentation; Gowin had begun to use his position as the head of a new faction within the PO to challenge Tusk’s leadership of the party. Tusk faced the challenge head-on by calling early elections for the leadership, which he won in August, capturing almost 80 percent of the vote, while Gowin was supported by some 20 percent of PO members. Ultimately, Gowin and two other members of the conservative group departed the PO, leaving it with a razor-thin parliamentary majority.

European Council presidency and beyond

In August 2014 the leaders of the European Union voted unanimously to select Tusk to succeed Herman Van Rompuy as president of the European Council. Tusk resigned as prime minister in the second week of September and assumed the new post in December. Among the notable challenges during his tenure were Russian aggression in Europe—the country had annexed Crimea in March 2014—and Britain’s 2016 decision to exit from the EU. Tusk, who was reelected to a second term in 2017, stepped down as president of the European Council in November 2019. Later that month he was elected head of the European People’s Party, a transnational political group representing the interests of allied conservative parties in Europe.

In July 2021 Tusk returned to the centre of Polish political life when he again assumed leadership of Civic Platform, announcing his intention to take on the PiS by saying, “Today, evil rules in Poland and we are ready to fight against this evil.” Two terms of PiS rule had resulted in a judiciary and media controlled by the party, accusations of erosion of the rule of law, and the withholding of funding by an EU that feared for the future of Polish democracy. Moreover, stoking nationalism and presenting itself as the protector of traditional Roman Catholic values, PiS had pursed an anti-immigrant agenda, discriminated against the LGBTQ+ community, and all but eliminated abortion in Poland. Determined to stanch Poland’s march toward the sort of “illiberal democracy” practiced by Viktor Orbán’s Hungary, Tusk led the opposition into the October 2023 parliamentary elections and came out a winner. Although PiS finished first, garnering some 35 percent of the vote, it came up short of a ruling majority in the Sejm, even with the addition of the seats of its potential coalition partner, Confederation. Civic Platform finished second with about 31 percent of the total vote, but, along with its fellow opposition parties, Third Way and the New Left (which took about 14 percent and about 9 percent of the vote, respectively), it claimed 248 seats, enough to form a majority coalition government with Tusk at its head.

Tusk’s ascent to power was delayed by Pres. Andrzej Duda, who gave incumbent prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki of PiS the first opportunity to form a new government. That action by Duda, who is also a member of PiS, was widely seen as a stalling tactic. As expected, Morawiecki proved unable to win the backing from other parties necessary to remain in power, and on December 11 his caretaker government lost a vote of confidence. The Sejm then elected Tusk prime minister by a vote of 248–201.