Giorgia Meloni

Giorgia Meloni (born January 15, 1977, Rome, Italy) populist Italian politician who cofounded (2012) and leads (2014– ) the Brothers of Italy (Fratelli d’Italia), a party with neofascist roots. She is the first woman to serve as prime minister of Italy (2022– ).

Early life and post-fascist politics

Meloni’s father left her family when she was a child, and Meloni was raised by her mother in the working-class neighborhood of Garbatella in central Rome. When Meloni was 15, she joined the Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano; MSI), a right-wing party founded by supporters of former fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Meloni publicly praised Mussolini in her teen years, and she was a visible presence in post-fascist political circles. In 1994 the MSI rebranded itself as the National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale), and Meloni was a member of Youth Action (Azione Giovani), the party’s student wing. She held a variety of leadership positions in Youth Action before being elected president of the group in 2004.

In 1998 Meloni was elected as a councillor to the provincial government of Rome. She held that post until 2002, when her political fortunes were buoyed by the return to power of media magnate Silvio Berlusconi. The National Alliance would serve as a coalition partner in several Berlusconi governments in the 2000s, and Meloni was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Italian parliament, in 2006. The National Alliance and Berlusconi’s Forza Italia formalized their coalition under the banner of the People of Freedom (Popolo della Libertà; PdL) in 2007, and the PdL swept into power in snap elections held in April 2008. Meloni was assigned the youth portfolio in Berlusconi’s cabinet; at age 31, she was the youngest minister in postwar Italian political history. National Alliance leader Gianfranco Fini split with the PdL in 2010, and Berlusconi’s government collapsed in 2011 in a swirl of corruption scandals and economic turmoil.

Founding the Brothers of Italy

Meloni retained her parliamentary seat, and, when Mario Monti took office at the head of a technocratic government in November 2011, she opposed the austerity budget that was widely credited with averting Italy’s financial collapse. In 2012 Meloni and fellow National Alliance veterans Ignazio La Russa and Guido Crosetto founded the Brothers of Italy. The party’s name was taken from the opening verse of the Italian national anthem, and its logo incorporated the tricolour flame originally used by the MSI. Its platform was similar to other Euroskeptic political blocs of that time: it was populist, it was broadly opposed to immigration, and it rejected the supremacy of European Union laws. The party’s performance in the 2013 general election was unremarkable, and Meloni was elected leader of the Brothers of Italy in 2014.

Meloni ran for mayor of Rome in 2016, but she finished third and did not qualify for the second-round runoff. In the 2018 general election, the Brothers of Italy captured just 4 percent of the vote, but this still marked an enormous improvement on the party’s 2013 showing. Other populist parties boasted strong performances, and a government was eventually formed under Giuseppe Conte by the left-leaning Euroskeptic Five Star Movement and the right-wing formerly secessionist League. Although the Brothers of Italy were part of a coalition with the League, they did not join the Conte government. In 2019 the Brothers of Italy won more than 6 percent of the vote in an election for the European Parliament, and that year Meloni became a viral video sensation when she declared at an address in Rome, “I am Giorgia, I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am Christian. And you can’t take that away from me!” Meloni’s rising political stature was recognized by other European populist parties in 2020, when she was named president of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), a Euroskeptic bloc within the European Parliament.

Meloni’s rise to prime minister

In January 2021 Conte’s government collapsed, and Italian Pres. Sergio Mattarella tapped former European Central Bank president Mario Draghi to head a unity government that drew from a broad spectrum of Italy’s political parties. Again, the Brothers of Italy opted to remain in opposition; they were the only major party to do so. Meloni, with an eye on elections that were scheduled for 2023, tried to distance the party from its fascist origins. She directed the Brothers of Italy to refrain from making extreme statements or referencing fascism, and she banned the use of the so-called “Roman salute,” a gesture that was nearly identical to the “Hitler salute” adopted by the Third Reich. Meloni also continued to enhance her public profile at home and abroad. In May 2021 her autobiography Io sono Giorgia: le mie radici, le mie idee (“I Am Giorgia: My Roots, My Ideas”) was published, and the following year she made headlines at a rally for the Spanish neofascist party Vox when she declared, “Yes to the natural family, no to the LGBT lobby...no to gender ideology...no to the bureaucrats of Brussels!” The statement raised immediate concerns among Italy’s LGBTQ+ community.

Draghi led Italy out of the worst days of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but traditional political rivalries soon reasserted themselves, and his fragile coalition imploded. He resigned in July 2022 and called for snap elections to be held. As Meloni was the only major opposition figure to Draghi’s government, the right-wing parties unified around her in the months leading up to the elections. Under the motto “Italy and Italians first,” Meloni became the face of a political bloc that included Berlusconi’s Forza Italia and Matteo Salvini’s League. The remaining major parties failed to coalesce into any kind of meaningful coalition; the centre-left Democratic Party explicitly ruled out an alliance with the Five Star Movement, and Matteo Renzi’s moderate Third Pole struggled to keep the Draghi agenda alive.

During the campaign, Meloni softened her Euroskeptic rhetoric and pledged to support Ukraine in its ongoing fight against Russian aggression. She also downplayed concerns about her party’s neofascist history. When Italian voters went to the polls on September 25, 2022, they did so in record low numbers, turnout dropping to less than 64 percent. The result was a resounding victory for Meloni, and the Brothers of Italy captured 26 percent of the vote. Five Star, Forza Italia, and the League saw a significant erosion of support compared with the results of the 2018 general election. Although Meloni’s coalition claimed just 44 percent of the total vote, Italy’s electoral mix of “first past the post” majority rule and proportional representation guaranteed that the Brothers of Italy-led government would command a comfortable majority in both houses of the Italian parliament. In the weeks following the elections, Meloni finalized the composition of her cabinet, and on October 21, 2022, Mattarella officially invited her to form a government. The following day Meloni became Italy’s first female prime minister, and she led Italy’s first far-right government since World War II.