James Miranda Barry

James Miranda Barry (born 1789 or 1795, Cork, Ireland—died July 25, 1865, London, England) was an Irish doctor who served as a medical inspector for the British armed forces in the mid-19th century. Barry was well known as a champion and fierce advocate of public health and sanitation. His legacy endured, however, partly because of the posthumous revelation that Barry had female sex characteristics.

Early life and gender switch

Margaret Ann Bulkley’s father was in the grocery industry and worked in the weigh house in Cork, Ireland. During Bulkley’s teenage years, her family experienced financial strain, and her father was sent to City Marshalsea, a debtor’s prison in Dublin. Bulkley and her mother relocated to London, where her uncle James Barry lived. Barry was an artist, and Bulkley soon developed close relationships with her uncle’s social circle. She grew particularly close to Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda and to Edward Fryer, a physician; the two men provided an education for Bulkley and, following her uncle’s death, helped her enter medical school.

In November 1809 Bulkley refashioned herself as a man, altering her appearance and conduct and modifying her name to James Miranda Barry. Though there is speculation that Barry adopted a new identity in order to earn a medical degree, the motivation for the gender switch remains unclear. Later that year Barry began medical school at the University of Edinburgh, where others noted his youthful, feminine appearance. Barry maintained his gender presentation as a man through both stylistic and behavioral characteristics. Along with the constant uniform of an overcoat and heeled shoes, Barry demonstrated a taste for extravagant outfits and a general flair for the dramatic.

Career

Though Barry excelled at medical school, the administration prohibited him from taking the final exam to earn his certification, expressing concern that he was too young to receive a medical degree. With support from nobleman David Steuart Erskine, Barry swayed the school and received permission to take the exam. He succeeded at the assessment, earning a medical license and graduating from medical school in 1812. Barry subsequently worked as a hospital assistant for the British armed forces, soon achieving the role of assistant staff surgeon. Before long, he was appointed medical inspector for Cape Town, where his medical capabilities soon won him renown. In 1826 Barry operated on a pregnant woman who was in labor, becoming one of the first doctors to successfully perform a cesarean section in which both the mother and the child survived.

While in Cape Town, Barry also distinguished himself as an advocate for human rights and public health. Barry urged Cape Town’s governor, Lord Charles Somerset, to prohibit the sale of pseudo-medicine to the sick, a practice he felt took advantage of the ill. Barry also advocated for sanitary living conditions for those who were dependent on the government, including prisoners and individuals affected by leprosy, and championed the provision of clean water to the public.

Later in his career, although his insistence on justice was admired by many, his pugnacious attitude and tendency to stand up to those in power infuriated others. Being angered, he often grew verbally offensive and was sometimes physically threatening. His crude behavior earned the ire of famed British nurse Florence Nightingale.

Barry and Somerset cultivated a close relationship over time; Barry resided in quarters at Somerset’s mansion. As their relationship deepened, it sparked a scandal among the local denizens, who suspected the pair of having a homosexual relationship. Neither Barry nor Somerset ever faced legal consequences for these charges. In 1828 Barry was stationed at Mauritius, followed by other islands; in his new posts, he continued to advocate for public health. In 1857 he relocated to Canada, where he fought for improvements to soldiers’ living conditions. He was appointed inspector general of military hospitals that same year.

Death and discovery of biological sex

In 1859, no longer serving in the army because of health concerns, Barry returned to England. He died of dysentery in 1865. Though Barry had left instructions stipulating that he be buried without medical examination, the caretaker treating his corpse soon discovered—and revealed to the public—that Barry had female sex characteristics. The resulting controversy about Barry’s gender cemented his legacy.