Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. During his reign, Justinian reorganized the government of the Byzantine Empire and enacted several reforms to increase accountability and reduce corruption . He also sponsored the codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several important cathedrals , including the Hagia Sophia .

Justinian I

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Justinian I

Q: How did Justinian I become emperor?

Justinian I was born of peasant parents. His name at birth was Petrus Sabbatius. He took the Roman name “Justinianus” from his uncle, Justin. It was through Justin that Justinian advanced. In the early 500s, Justin—a high-ranking military commander in Constantinople (now Istanbul)—took Justinian under his wing. He ensured that Justinian received a Classical education and military training. In 518 Justin ascended the throne of the Byzantine Empire . In 525 Emperor Justin I named his favorite nephew, Justinian, caesar of the Byzantine Empire. In 527 Justinian was elevated to the rank of co-emperor. On Justin’s death on August 1, 527, Justinian became the sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

Q: What did Justinian I accomplish as emperor?

Emperor Justinian I was a master legislator. He reorganized the administration of the imperial government and outlawed the suffragia , or sale of provincial governorships. He also sponsored the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several new cathedrals , including the Hagia Sophia . In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. On the foreign front, he struggled. His empire warred constantly with the Persians in the east and the barbarians in the north and west. Justinian’s forces ultimately held off the Persians, but they did not hold off the barbarians.

Q: What was the Code of Justinian?

The Codex Justinianus , or Code of Justinian, was a legal code . It consisted of the various sets of laws and legal interpretations collected and codified by scholars under the direction of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. The code synthesized collections of past laws and extracts of the opinions of the great Roman jurists. It also included an elementary outline of the law and a collection of Justinian’s own new laws. The four-book code was completed in stages. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinian’s elevation in 527. The second book, the Digesta, was drawn up between 530 and 533. The third book, Institutiones, was compiled and published in 533, and the fourth book, Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem, was completed upon Justinian’s death in 565.

Byzantine emperor

Also known as: Flavius Justinianus, Petrus Sabbatius

Written by Joan Mervyn Hussey

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 • Article History

Justinian I

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Category: History & Society

Latin in full:: Flavius Justinianus

Original name:: Petrus Sabbatius

Born:: 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]

Died:: November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey] (aged 82)

Title / Office:: emperor (527-565), Byzantine Empire

Notable Family Members:: spouse Theodora

Role In:: Second Council of Constantinople

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Who was Justinian I?

How did Justinian I become emperor?

What did Justinian I accomplish as emperor?

What was the Code of Justinian?

Justinian I (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]—died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]) was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). Justinian was a Latin-speaking Illyrian and was born of peasant stock. Justinianus was a Roman name that he took from his uncle, the emperor Justin I, to whom he owed his advancement. While still a young man, he went to Constantinople, where his uncle held high military command. He ...(100 of 3063 words)

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