Simon Wiesenthal

Simon Wiesenthal (born December 31, 1908, Buczacz, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Buchach, Ukraine]—died September 20, 2005, Vienna, Austria) founder (1961) and head (until 2003) of the Jewish Documentation Centre in Vienna. During World War II Wiesenthal was a prisoner in five Nazi concentration camps, and after the war he dedicated his life to the search for and the legal prosecution of Nazi criminals and to the promotion of Holocaust memory and education.

Early life

Wiesenthal studied architectural engineering at the Technical University of Prague and in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), where he settled with his wife in the mid-1930s. Although he ardently supported the Zionist movement, he stayed in Lwów, later explaining, “During that period we never took [Adolf] Hitler seriously.” Following the German occupation of the city in 1941, Wiesenthal was first dragooned into forced labour at the (German) Eastern Railway plants and was then imprisoned in camps at Janowska, Plaszow, Gross-Rosen, and Buchenwald, the latter of which served as a brief way station for Wiesenthal before his imprisonment in the camp at Mauthausen, Austria, from which he was liberated in 1945. According to Wiesenthal, 89 members of his and his wife’s Jewish families were killed by the Nazis, but after the end of World War II he and his wife (who had managed to pass as a Pole for much of the war) were reunited.

“Nazi hunter”

Soon after his liberation, Wiesenthal handed the U.S. Army a list of Nazi criminals and subsequently helped American intelligence organizations gather evidence in preparation for the first trials against war criminals, in Dachau and Nürnberg (see Nürnberg trials). Settling in Linz, Austria, where he worked in the displaced persons camps for two Jewish welfare organizations—the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the Organization for Rehabilitation and Training—Wiesenthal continued his own efforts to ferret out former Nazis. In 1948 he participated in an abortive attempt made by three Israeli agents to apprehend Adolf Eichmann in Austria. In March 1953 he informed the Israeli consul general in Vienna, Aryeh Eshel, that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, where Israeli agents abducted him in 1960. Eichmann’s final identification was based in part on information supplied by Wiesenthal, but Wiesenthal did not accompany the Israeli agents to Argentina. After his abduction, Eichmann was taken to Israel, put on trial, convicted, and executed in 1962. In a private letter, Wiesenthal expressed his objection to Eichmann’s execution, arguing that he should be kept alive and used as a witness in the trials of other Nazi criminals.

In 1960 Wiesenthal and his wife and daughter moved to Vienna, and the following year he opened the Jewish Documentation Centre in Vienna. In the following years, Israel’s secret intelligence agency, the Mossad, supported Wiesenthal’s work, covering part of his expenses. Searching for thousands of SS and Gestapo members, Wiesenthal worked mostly by himself, in a tiny office, using historical documents, old address books, and telephone directories as his sources and only rarely sending agents and detectives to do field work. In 1963 Wiesenthal identified Karl Silberbauer, an Austrian policeman serving in Amsterdam who in 1944 had participated in the arrest of Anne Frank and her family.

Although most of his efforts ended in disappointment, Wiesenthal was involved in the prosecution of hundreds of Nazi criminals, playing major roles in the identifications of Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, a guard at the Majdanek death camp, and most notably of Franz Stangl, the commandant of the Treblinka and Sobibor death camps. Braunsteiner-Ryan, who had found refuge in New York City, and Stangl, who had been hiding in Brazil, were extradited (separately) to West Germany, where they were put on trial and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Vision

Wiesenthal rejected the concept of collective guilt and objected to out-of-court acts of vengeance. A strong believer in the liberal system of justice, he insisted that each case be proved in court, and he regarded the trials not only as acts of justice but also as exercises in moral and political education. In 1968 Wiesenthal produced a book called The Sunflower, a comprehensive symposium on guilt and forgiveness based on what Wiesenthal described as a real experience he had had during the war. According to his account, he was taken to a mortally wounded SS man who asked Wiesenthal to forgive him for his war crimes so that he would be able to die in peace. Wiesenthal did not forgive him. Subsequently, Wiesenthal wrote up a detailed account of the incident and sent it to leading statesmen and intellectuals, asking them what they would have done in his place. The Sunflower appeared in numerous languages, and among those whose reflections were included were Herbert Marcuse, Cynthia Ozick, Desmond Tutu, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin, and the Dalai Lama; it has been used as reading material in schools worldwide, reflecting Wiesenthal’s educational efforts. In 1977 Wiesenthal lent his name to the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, but he was involved only indirectly in that centre’s activity.

Wiesenthal advocated a broad humanistic approach to the Holocaust, describing the extermination of the Jews as a crime against humanity and Holocaust memory not merely as a moral obligation to the dead but primarily as a tool in the struggle against further war crimes and racism. According to Wiesenthal, the extermination of the Jews can be properly understood only in the context of the persecution of other groups, such as Roma, the mentally ill, homosexuals, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, and he compared the Holocaust to acts of genocide that occurred after World War II (such as those in Cambodia, the Balkans, and Rwanda).

In 2002 Wiesenthal formulated his educational vision for the future in a response to a letter from schoolchildren in Highland Park, New Jersey:

What we experienced during the war was such a nightmare, that it is little wonder so many young people tend to look away and say, that’s a part of history and has nothing to do with us today. But that is where we, the survivors, have to step in and tell them over and over again, that all this really did happen and that it is more important for all of you than you can imagine. For you are used to living in freedom, but you should recognize the danger that lies in fast changes, that can take away your freedom before you even realize it. Freedom is like health, I always tell young people; you don’t recognize its value until you’ve lost it. Freedom is not a gift from the heavens, you have to fight for it every day of your life.

Referring to his age (Wiesenthal was then over 90 years old), Wiesenthal added that in the future it will be up to others to remember the “ravages of genocide,” defining the moral goal of Holocaust memory as “taking individual responsibility for upholding human rights.”

Conflicts

Wiesenthal’s outlook on the Holocaust led to an angry dispute with the writer Elie Wiesel, who would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. Wiesel accused Wiesenthal of playing down the singular nature of the Holocaust, which Wiesel saw in the fact that although “not all victims of the Nazis were Jews, all Jews were victims.” Respected by many as a moral authority and accused by others of spreading false information, Wiesenthal was involved in a number of other bitter disputes, most notably with the chancellor of Austria, Bruno Kreisky, who claimed in 1975 that Wiesenthal had collaborated with the Gestapo. Wiesenthal sued Kreisky for libel and won the case. In 1986 Wiesenthal refused to join a campaign led by the World Jewish Congress against former UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim, who was elected president of Austria in 1986 and whose service in the German Wehrmacht during World War II had been exposed. Maintaining that the evidence against Waldheim did not prove unequivocally his involvement in war crimes, Wiesenthal stood by Waldheim, thereby causing great damage to his own reputation (and potentially costing him a share of the Nobel Peace Prize).

Honours and writings

Wiesenthal’s legendary image as a “Nazi hunter” (a term he detested) inspired several filmmakers, and among the actors who portrayed him were Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Ben Kingsley. Wiesenthal received numerous honorary doctorates and awards in various countries, including the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal (1980) and the French Legion of Honour (1986). In 2004 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

He also wrote several novels, including Max und Helen (1981; Max and Helen), and other books, such as KZ. Mauthausen (1946; “Concentration Camp Mauthausen”), Ich jagte Eichmann (1961; “I Hunted Eichmann”), Verjährung (1964; “Statute of Limitations”), The Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Memoirs (1967), Segel der Hoffnung (1972; Sails of Hope), Every Day Remembrance Day: A Chronicle of Jewish Martyrdom (1986), and Justice, Not Vengeance (1989).