Tzipi Livni

Tzipi Livni (born July 8, 1958, Tel Aviv–Yafo, Israel) Israeli politician who served as minister of justice (2006–07 and 2013–14) and minister of foreign affairs (2006–09), among other cabinet posts. She was also the leader of the Kadima party (2008–12) and founder and leader of the Hatnua party (2012– ). Although she entered politics in opposition to the Oslo Accords, her political career became centred around negotiating a two-state solution with the Palestinians.

Livni’s Polish-born parents Eitan (Benozovich) Livni and Sarah (née Rosenberg) were both active in Irgun Zvai Leumi, a militant Jewish group that fought for the foundation of Israel and was the precursor of the Herut and Likud parties. After serving as a lieutenant in the Israel Defense Forces, in 1979 she began a law degree at Bar-Ilan University. The following year she was recruited by the Israeli intelligence organization Mossad, and her studies were interrupted in 1983 when she was sent on a mission in Paris. She left the agency shortly thereafter and married accountant Naftali Spitzer, with whom she later had two sons. In 1984 she completed her degree, and from 1984 to 1996 she practiced law, specializing in real estate and corporate law.

Early opposition to the Oslo Accords and entrance into right-wing politics

Livni entered politics following the 1995 assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by a right-wing Jewish extremist. At the time, she supported a Jewish state that encompassed all of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and opposed the Oslo process Rabin had led (see Israel: The Oslo Accords). She also believed that Israel’s political right had been unfairly discredited by the assassination. As a newcomer, she was not high enough on the party list to win a Knesset seat in the 1996 election. Nonetheless, the newly elected prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu of the Likud party appointed her head of the Government Companies Authority, where she oversaw a large privatization program.

In 1999 Livni narrowly won a seat in the Knesset in an election swept by the Israel Labour Party. Her rapid political ascent began two years later, when Likud’s Ariel Sharon replaced Ehud Barak as prime minister, and, after holding a number of junior portfolios and cultivating a highly principled image, she became minister of justice in early 2005.

Face of the peace process: Livni’s ideological shift

While she served under Sharon, the governing Likud party suffered an ideological split. Many, including both Sharon and Livni, embraced a two-state solution as the only way to preserve a Jewish and democratic character of the Israeli state. To that end, as a member of Sharon’s inner circle, she helped plan Israel’s unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005. In November, on the 10-year anniversary of Rabin’s assassination, she became the first right-wing minister to speak in memorial of him.

Later that month Livni left Likud with Sharon and other party moderates to found the Kadima (“Forward”) party. When Sharon was incapacitated by a stroke in January 2006, Ehud Olmert, then vice prime minister, took over as party leader and acting prime minister. Upon being confirmed as prime minister following a general election in March, he appointed Livni minister of foreign affairs. In this capacity, she led the most fruitful round of peace negotiations with the Palestinians in nearly a decade and became the face of the peace process in Israeli politics. Beleaguered by a string of corruption scandals, Olmert announced in July 2008 that he would step down as prime minister, and Livni narrowly won a September 2008 party election to replace him. With Livni unable to form a coalition government in the weeks that followed, however, elections were set for February 2009.

Election results indicated that Livni and Kadima had won by a margin of one seat over the party’s closest competitor, Likud, led by Netanyahu. Although it was evident that a coalition government would have to be formed—neither party had obtained the necessary majority—it was not immediately clear which candidate would be invited to do so. Through the course of coalition discussions in the days that followed, Netanyahu gathered the support of Yisrael Beiteinu (15 seats), Shas (11 seats), and a number of smaller parties, and he was asked by Israel’s president to form the government.

Persistence and founding of Hatnua

In the years that followed, she struggled to remain relevant as the Israeli public became increasingly disinterested in the peace process. By 2011, after years of relative calm, public discourse had refocused from security issues to socioeconomic issues. In March 2012 Livni lost Kadima’s leadership election and was replaced by Shaul Mofaz, a retired general and former Likud minister of defense. When a new round of legislative elections approached, Livni founded a new party with a similar platform, Hatnua (“The Movement”). The party won six seats in Knesset elections in 2013; Kadima won just two seats and became defunct two years later. Right-wing losses also left Netanyahu in a weak position in forming a coalition, and he invited Livni to join a centre-right government. Livni entered the coalition as Netanyahu’s minister of justice on the condition that she could renew peace negotiations with the Palestinians. He later dismissed her in December 2014, in part for meeting with Palestinian Pres. Mahmoud Abbas after being instructed not to. Netanyahu’s governing coalition collapsed, and early elections were called.

In the run-up to the March 2015 elections, Livni led Hatnua to form the Zionist Union, a centre-left alliance, with the Israel Labour Party. The new alliance appeared to present a formidable challenge to Netanyahu’s Likud, with analysts predicting that it would be a very close race between the two. The results, however, showed that the Zionist Union trailed the first-place Likud by several seats, with the alliance winning 24 seats and Likud winning 30 seats.

After only a few years the Zionist Union alliance came undone, leaving Livni’s political future in question. In 2017 Avi Gabbay replaced Isaac Herzog as the leader of the Labour Party. Livni’s relationship with the new leader was strained, and the two occasionally disparaged one another in public statements. When Herzog left the Knesset in mid-2018, Gabbay, who was not a member of the Knesset, appointed Livni as opposition leader. But after the ruling coalition dissolved the Knesset in late December and called early elections, Gabbay announced that he was terminating the alliance with Livni and Hatnua. As polls showed Hatnua was unlikely to receive any Knesset seats on its own and Livni failed to court an alliance with any centre-left parties, she announced in February that she and Hatnua would not stand for election. It was unclear if Livni would return to politics in the future.