Media and publishing
Press
In every sizable Canadian city there is a daily newspaper, most of which also publish editions on the Internet; many of the largest cities have more than one daily. Smaller towns are served by weekly newspapers. Daily newspaper circulation is generally controlled by several major corporations, but editorial policy is developed at the local level. Toronto-based The Globe and Mail, which fashions itself as Canada’s national newspaper, is distributed six days per week across the entire country. A rival to The Globe and Mail is The National Post, which began publication in 1998. The Toronto Star enjoys the widest newspaper circulation. Major provincial papers include Alberta’s Edmonton Journal, British Columbia’s The Vancouver Sun, and Manitoba’s Winnipeg Free Press. Quebec has several daily newspapers, including The Gazette in English and Le Devoir, Le Journal de Montréal, and La Presse in French. Supporting the newspapers is the Canadian Press, a news-gathering agency. Several hundred magazines are published in Canada, but many of the popular magazines that circulate in Canada are from the United States. Maclean’s is a weekly Canadian newsmagazine. Reflecting the country’s love of sports, the Hockey News is among the weeklies with wide circulation.
Canada has more than 300 publishing houses, including the offices of foreign publishers. English Canadian book publishing is centred in Toronto, whereas French Canadian publishing is based largely in Montreal. As with other cultural industries, the presence of the United States looms large, though Canadian publishers are protected by legislation that requires that Canadians control any company engaged in the distribution, publishing, or retailing of books in the country. Although Canadian books are popular, only about one-fifth of books sold in Canada are written by Canadian authors.
Broadcasting
In a geographically huge country that includes groups of people of diverse origins separated by vast distances, broadcasting not only is important to provide information and as entertainment but also is crucial for linking the various regions together to develop a sense of national community. It is for this reason that Canada has developed an elaborate structure and organization for delivering radio and television broadcasts. Canada was the first country in the world to use geostationary satellites for television broadcasting. The publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides two national networks for both radio and television, one in English and one in French. The CBC also has 24-hour cable news channels in English and French and a special northern service to provide broadcasts to the more remote Arctic settlements in both official languages as well as in First Nations and Inuit-Aleut languages. Radio Canada International broadcasts globally in several languages. In television broadcasting there is a second national network, the privately owned CTV (Canadian Television), and several other private networks serve limited areas, such as Global TV in Ontario. Private radio and television stations usually are affiliated with one of the major networks. As a result, all Canadians have access to radio, and almost all have a choice of two Canadian television channels. Cable stations have proliferated, catering to every taste and interest, and satellite connections have also given Canadians access to U.S. and international television networks. There are about 100 commercial television stations and 500 radio stations in Canada.
Canadian broadcasting is regulated by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, which was established in 1968. It authorizes the establishment of networks and private stations and specifies how much of the broadcast content must be Canadian in origin. The CBC, which broadcasts high-quality music, drama, and documentary programs, has played an important role in developing Canadian talent in the entertainment world.
Norman L. Nicholson Ralph R. Krueger Roger D. Hall