Murray River

Murray River, principal river of Australia and main stream of the Murray-Darling Basin. It flows some 1,570 miles (2,530 km) across southeastern Australia from the Snowy Mountains to the Indian Ocean. The main towns in the Murray River valley are Albury, Wodonga, Echuca, Swan Hill, Mildura, Renmark, and Murray Bridge. The river is named after Colonial Secretary Sir George Murray.

Physical features

Although the Murray-Darling Basin has a total catchment area of some 409,835 square miles (1,061,469 square km), the Murray’s average annual discharge is only 31 cubic feet (0.89 cubic metre) per second, and in places it has dried up on at least three occasions. The river rises on The Pilot (a mountain), near Mount Kosciuszko in southeastern New South Wales. It flows west and northwest, passes through Hume Reservoir above Albury, and forms most of the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria. At Morgan, South Australia, it bends sharply southward to flow through Lake Alexandrina to Encounter Bay on the Great Australian Bight.

Britannica Quiz

Water and its Varying Forms

For most of its course through South Australia (250 miles [400 km]), the river is bordered by a narrow floodplain and flows between cliffs 100 feet (30 metres) high. Its upper 200 miles (320 km) cut through mountainous terrain. The central section, however, lies on a broad and mature floodplain, with the Riverina plains of New South Wales to the north and the plains of northern Victoria to the south. Its principal tributaries are the Darling, Murrumbidgee, Mitta Mitta, Ovens, Goulburn, Campaspe, and Loddon rivers.

Economy and water management

The Murray-Darling Basin, occupying about one-seventh of Australia’s area, is of immense economic significance, lying across the great wheat-sheep belt in its climatically most reliable section. During the second half of the 19th century, river shipping was of great importance, but, with growing competition from railways and demand for irrigation water (first used at Mildura in 1886), navigation practically ceased. The basin has by far Australia’s greatest area of irrigated crops and pastures, some 3.6 million acres (1.5 million hectares), more than 70 percent of the national total. It is the country’s second largest wine-producing region; other major products include cattle, sheep, grains, and fruit.

In 1915 the River Murray Commission, comprising representatives from the three state governments and the commonwealth, was established to regulate utilization of the river’s waters. The largest reservoirs are the Dartmouth on the Mitta Mitta River and the Hume on the Murray. The Dartmouth Dam, 590 feet (180 metres) high, is the highest dam of its kind in Australia. The multipurpose Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme (completed in 1974) increased the amount of water available for irrigation and generated large quantities of electrical power for peak load periods. Irrigation, however, led to serious salinity problems, so much so that Adelaide, South Australia (which is almost completely dependent on the Murray for its water supply), on occasion received water that, by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, was unfit for drinking. The problem of Murray salinity has been recognized as of national significance to Australia. Legislative arrangements were drawn up in 1987 and 1992 to introduce comprehensive basin-wide responses to environmental crises and the demand for sustainable development.