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All living things are composed of cells.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Basic similarities between cells and ways cells may vary depending on their function.
Video: © Open University (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Cells are the basic units of life.
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Cells ingest molecules through their plasma membranes.
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The location, importance, and mechanisms of photosynthesis. Study the roles of chloroplasts,...
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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary carrier of energy in cells. The water-mediated...
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James Watson and Francis Crick revolutionized the study of genetics when they discovered...
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Animal and plant cells house various types of internal membrane-bound compartments,...
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Learn about the structure and movement of cilia and flagella.
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Hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system are carried in the bloodstream...
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This false-colour movie, acquired by means of confocal microscopy, illustrates long-range...
Video: Nicholas Davenport/University of Wisconsin-Madison
Time-lapse photography of a live plant cell nucleus undergoing mitosis.
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Learn about cell division in the developing embryo and in mature cells.
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The discovery of cells was a revolution.
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Learn about the different cell organelles, including the mitochondrion, the nucleus,...
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Learn about mitotic cleavage of embryonic cells by watching this time-lapse microphotography...
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Learn about the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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The cycle of infection results in the death of the host cell and the release of many...
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An overview of Robert Hooke and his discoveries.
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Images
Animal cells and plant cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a distinct...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The initial proposal of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick was...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Molecular genetics emerged from the realization that DNA and RNA constitute the genetic...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The ovum contains a small collection of cells in the early stages of human development....
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Intrinsic proteins penetrate and bind tightly to the lipid bilayer, which is made...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
General structural formula of a glycerophospholipid. The composition of the specific...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Phospholipids can be used to form artificial structures called liposomes, which are...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Phospholipid molecules, like molecules of many lipids, are composed of a hydrophilic...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The principle of permeation can be illustrated by differences in the diffusion of...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Diffusion of ions across a semipermeable membrane. (A) A high concentration of KCl...
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Endocytosis and exocytosis are fundamental to the process of intracellular digestion....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The process by which cells engulf solid matter is called phagocytosis. There are...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Receptors play key roles in many cellular processes. For example, receptor-mediated...
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Plant cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including fluid-filled spaces, called...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a major role in the biosynthesis of proteins....
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Chemical transmission of a nerve impulse at the synapse. The arrival of the nerve...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
During the first stages of cell division, the recognizable double-stranded chromosome...
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DNA wrapped around clusters of histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which can coil...
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The structure of an antibody molecule represents the dramatic rearrangements of DNA...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The internal membrane of a mitochondrion is elaborately folded into structures known...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Internal structures of the chloroplast. The interior contains flattened sacs of photosynthetic...
© Merriam-Webster Inc.
The electron-transport chain embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is...
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Electron micrograph of an isolated spinach chloroplast.
Courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley
In photosynthesis, plants consume carbon dioxide and water and produce glucose and...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pathway of carbon dioxide fixation and reduction in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The structure of striated, or skeletal, muscle. Striated muscle tissue, such as the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Electron micrograph of a small area of dense fibrous connective tissue, illustrating...
Don W. Fawcett, M.D.
Marine sponges are multicellular animals that can regenerate from single cells. The...
© Royalty-free/Corbis
Hormones and active metabolites bind to different types of receptors. Water-soluble...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Mitosis, the process in which a cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Meiosis, the process in which gametes (sex cells) form.
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Cross section of a plant anther showing meiosis occurring in pollen grain cells.
© Bernard Photo Product—Animals Animals/age fotostock
Retroviral insertion can convert a proto-oncogene, integral to the control of cell...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The small intestine contains many distinct types of cells, each of which serves a...
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Structures of a leaf. The epidermis is often covered with a waxy protective cuticle...
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Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus from a mammary-gland...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Structure and properties of two representative lipids. Both stearic acid (a fatty...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, detail of a portrait by Jan Verkolje; in the Rijksmuseum,...
Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur performing a scientific experiment....
World Photos/Alamy
Karl Ernst, Ritter von Baer, detail of a lithograph by Rudolf Hoffmann, 1839.
Courtesy of Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Chromosomes are inside the cells of every living thing. They are so small that they...
© James Cavallini—BSIP/age fotostock
Microtubules (shown in green) play an important role in cytoplasmic streaming.
© defun/iStock.com
Schematic drawing of the structure of a typical bacterial cell of the bacillus type.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Adsorption to and entry into a cell of an enveloped animal virus by the process of...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a clearly defined nucleus,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Cutaway drawing of a plant cell, showing the cell wall and internal organelles.
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