Photolysis reactions
Photolysis reactions are initiated or sustained by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. One example, the decomposition of ozone to oxygen in the atmosphere, is mentioned above in the section Kinetic considerations. Another example is the synthesis of chloromethane from methane and chlorine, which is initiated by light. The overall reaction is CH4(g) + Cl2(g) + hυ → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g), where hυ represents light. This reaction, coincidentally, is also a chain reaction. It begins with the endothermic reaction of a chlorine molecule (Cl2) to give chlorine atoms, a process that occurs under ultraviolet irradiation. When formed, some of the chlorine atoms recombine to form chlorine molecules, but not all do so. If a chlorine atom instead collides with a methane molecule, a two-step chain propagation occurs. The first propagation step produces the methyl radical (CH3). This free-radical species reacts with a chlorine molecule to give the product and a chlorine atom, which continues the chain reaction for many additional steps. Possible termination steps include combination of two methyl radicals to form ethane (CH3CH3) and a combination of methyl and chlorine radicals to give chloromethane.
- Chain-initiation step:Cl2 ⇌ 2 ∙Cl
- Chain-propagation steps:CH4 + ∙Cl → ∙CH3+ HCl∙CH3+ Cl2 → CH3Cl + ∙Cl
- Possible chain-termination steps:∙CH3+ ∙CH3 → CH3CH3∙CH3+ ∙Cl → CH3Cl