Human nervous system - Medulla, Brainstem, Reflexes

human nervous system

Table of Contents

Introduction
Human nervous system interactive
Prenatal and postnatal development of the human nervous system
- Neuronal development
- Morphological development
- Postnatal changes
Anatomy of the human nervous system
- The central nervous system
  - The brain
    - Cerebrum
      Lobes of the cerebral cortex
      Cerebral ventricles
      Basal ganglia
    - Brainstem
      Epithalamus
      Thalamus
      Hypothalamus
      Subthalamus
      Midbrain
      Pons
      Medulla oblongata
    - Cerebellum
  - The spinal cord
    - Cellular laminae
    - Ascending spinal tracts
      Dorsal column
      Spinothalamic tracts
      Spinocerebellar tracts
    - Descending spinal tracts
      Corticospinal tract
      Rubrospinal tract
      Vestibulospinal tract
      Reticulospinal tract
      Autonomic tracts
- The peripheral nervous system
  - Spinal nerves
    - Structural components of spinal nerves
    - Functional types of spinal nerves
    - Cervical plexus
    - Brachial plexus
    - Lumbar plexus
    - Sacral plexus
    - Coccygeal plexus
  - Cranial nerves
    - Olfactory nerve (CN I or 1)
    - Optic nerve (CN II or 2)
    - Oculomotor nerve (CN III or 3)
    - Trochlear nerve (CN IV or 4)
    - Trigeminal nerve (CN V or 5)
      Ophthalmic nerve
      Maxillary nerve
      Mandibular nerve
    - Abducens nerve (CN VI or 6)
    - Facial nerve (CN VII or 7)
    - Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII or 8)
    - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX or 9)
    - Vagus nerve (CN X or 10)
    - Accessory nerve (CN XI or 11)
    - Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII or 12)
- The autonomic nervous system
  - Sympathetic nervous system
    - Sympathetic ganglia
    - Neurotransmitters and receptors
  - Parasympathetic nervous system
  - Enteric nervous system
Functions of the human nervous system
- Receptors
- Reflex actions
- Movement
  - Sensory receptors
    - Tendon organs
    - Muscle spindles
  - Basic organization of movement
    - Stretch reflexes
    - Reciprocal innervation
    - Posture
  - Lower-level mechanisms of movement
  - Higher-level mechanisms of movement
    - Cerebral hemispheres
    - Cerebellum
    - Basal ganglia
- The vestibular system
  - Sensory receptors
    - Saccule and utricle
    - Semicircular canals
  - Nerve supply
  - Vestibular functions
    - Vestibulo-ocular reflex
    - Conscious sensation
- Functions of the autonomic system
  - The eye
  - The urinary system
  - The reproductive system
  - The endocrine system
  - The cardiovascular system
    - Reflex pathways
    - Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation
- Pain
  - Theories of pain
  - Lower-level pain pathways
    - Tissues
    - Peripheral nerves
    - Spinal cord
  - Higher-level pain pathways
    - Brain
    - Central pain
    - Referred pain
    - Changes in the cerebral cortex
- Perception
  - General organization of perception
  - Vision
  - Hearing
- Emotion and behavior
  - Emotion
  - The defense reaction
  - Mating
  - Urination and defecation
  - Eating and drinking
  - Temperature regulation
  - Reward and punishment
  - Circadian rhythms
- Higher cerebral functions
  - Analytical approaches
  - Hemispheric asymmetry, handedness, and cerebral dominance
  - Language
  - Memory
  - Executive functions of the frontal lobes

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The medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), the most caudal segment of the brainstem, appears as a conical expansion of the spinal cord. The roof plate of both the pons and the medulla is formed by the cerebellum and a membrane containing a cellular layer called the choroid plexus, located in the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid entering the fourth ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct passes into the cisterna magna, a subarachnoid space surrounding the medulla and the cerebellum, via openings in the lateral recesses in the midline of the ventricle. At the transition of the medulla to the spinal cord, there are two ...(100 of 37287 words)

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