Mineral - Nitrates, Chemical Compounds, Properties

mineral

Table of Contents

Introduction
Definition
Nomenclature
Occurrence and formation
The nature of minerals
- Morphology
  - Symmetry elements
  - Twinning
- Internal structure
  - Examining crystal structures
  - Space groups
  - Illustrating crystal structures
- Polymorphism
- Chemical composition
- Mineral formulas
- Compositional variation
- Chemical bonding
  - Ionic bonds
  - Covalent bonds
  - Metallic bonds
  - Van der Waals bonds
  - Hydrogen bonds
- Physical properties
  - Crystal habit and crystal aggregation
  - Cleavage and fracture
  - Lustre
  - Colour
  - Hardness
  - Tenacity
  - Specific gravity
  - Magnetism
  - Fluorescence
  - Solubility in hydrochloric acid
  - Radioactivity
Classification of minerals
- Native elements
  - Metals
  - Semimetals
  - Nonmetals
- Sulfides
- Sulfosalts
- Oxides and hydroxides
- Halides
- Carbonates
- Nitrates
- Borates
- Sulfates
- Phosphates
- Silicates
  - Nesosilicates
  - Sorosilicates
  - Cyclosilicates
  - Inosilicates
  - Phyllosilicates
  - Tectosilicates
Mineral associations and phase equilibrium
- Assemblage and the phase rule
- Phase diagrams
  - Use in igneous petrology
  - Use in metamorphic petrology
  - Use in sedimentary petrology

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The nitrates are characterized by their triangular (NO₃)^– groups that resemble the (CO₃)^2– groups of the carbonates, making the two mineral classes similar in structure. The nitrogen cation (N⁵⁺) carries a high charge and is strongly polarizing like the carbon cation (C⁴⁺) of the CO₃ group. A tightly knit triangular complex is created by the three nitrogen-oxygen bonds of the NO₃ group; these bonds are stronger than all others in the crystal. Because the nitrogen-oxygen bond has greater strength than the corresponding carbon-oxygen bond in carbonates, nitrates decompose less readily in the presence of acids. Nitrate structures analogous to those ...(100 of 14209 words)

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